How I Taught My Grandmother Essay

a) Triveni was a popular writer because of her style of writing was very easy-to-understand and also convincing. Moreover, she used to write on the complex psychological problems in the lives of common people which was another reason of her popularity. (b) The grandmother could not read the story that appeared in the magazine as she had never been to school. So she used to depend on her granddaughter who read the story to her. (c) The following two sentences spoken by the grandmother tell us how desperate was she to know what happened in the story: 1. â€Å"Many times, I rubbed my hands over the pages wishing I could understand what was written.† 2. â€Å"I even thought of going to the village and asking you to read for me.† (d) Yes, the grandmother succeeded in accomplishing her desire to read. To accomplish this she worked hard with some target. She made the ‘Saraswati Pooja’ day as the deadline. And by this day she was able to read a book independently. (e) The grandmother had a strong determination and also emotional. She was determined to learn to read. She worked hard with strong determination in order to achieve her target before the deadline she had set to herself. After she had accomplished her desire, she expressed her gratitude to her granddaughter. She touched the little girl’s feet because she felt it was her duty to respect her teacher irrespective of the gender and age. The grandmother was seemed to be very emotional when she told the story of her life to her granddaughter.

The University of Maryland

The University of Maryland is propelled by fearless ideas. Our fearlessness generates creativity, innovation, and an entrepreneurial spirit with which few can compete. What ignites your spark and makes you fearless? There was a time where being your-self was respected and encouraged. From the clothes you wore to the books you read, any chance you had to showcase your individuality was recommended to be taken. It seems nowadays everyone is into the same â€Å"new craze† or the same â€Å"fashion forward† movement.It seems as if no one is truly standing for themselves; my generation is following the same trend of everyone being unique. I do not see any true examples of eccentricity or uniqueness among my fellow â€Å"90’s Baby’s. † It is this lack of individuality that drives my fearlessness, and pushes me to set and accomplish anything I put my mind to. To be yourself is to have confidence in who you are as an individual, even though you may not know who that is yet.It is the willingness to take risks which can end up hurting you, with the faith that it will all work out. To be yourself also requires dedication and fearlessness. You must be steadfast with your beliefs and not be afraid to stand up for them. These are the beliefs that â€Å"ignite my spark† and motivate me to move forward within all that I do. Being true to who I am and having confidence in myself even though times may seem bleak is what makes me fearless, not only as a student, but as an individual.

Mastering Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Mastering Management - Essay Example tem to machine design as well as production, managing the shift from functional communication lines and responsibility to a plant-level dimension and handling unsatisfied employees at the plant based on their new task assignments and hence mitigate the chances of worker unionization. The selection of a plant manager can be challenging, especially in a situation facing Heritage Appliance Company’s River Woods plant. Consequently, the selection committee must take into consideration certain desirable aspect in order to find the right person for the crucial management position. As the selection committee, the suitable candidate must have expert, referent and reward power, which will successfully interplay with legitimate power accorded by the virtue of being the plant manager to steer the project to success. The candidate must generally have good interpersonal skills, critical problem-solving skills and be proactive. An internal candidate would be more desirable for the position because he/she is already familiar with the culture of the organization and what it intends to achieve. Besides, He already knows the strengths and weaknesses of the staff and can easily help them upgrade to match the new tasks facing

Reflective Assessment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reflective Assessment - Research Paper Example In 2oo4, IDEA has proclaimed that children with disabilities learn more efficiently with the assistance of technology and services (Dalton, 2006). AT has not only facilitated the special needs students, but it has also contributed positively in enhancing and developing the restrained abilities of children belonging from different regions and cultures. The change in the structure of teaching method and delivery of instructions by IDEA, further recommend to the educators to be aware of the significance of AT in Education. Teachers develop, monitor, generate and deliver instructions by keeping in regard the grasping ability of students and eventually engaging them into learning process. Thus, the resources (AT) becomes more comprehend able and accessible to those who do not posses any disability or their disability has not been identified yet. The difference between IT (Instructional Technology) and AT (Assistive Technology) is often misunderstood. The awareness of human learning process linked to the task of teaching and learning is known as Instructional Technology. To evaluate the purpose of IT, the probable outcomes like instructional usefulness, instructional appeal and instructional competence is taken into consideration. Therefore, the above mentioned tools are necessary for the planning required, for instructional interventions, and the requirement of AT devices and sources according to the subject or concept. Deficiency of reading can be taken into regard as a skill and as a mean to attain information. When children with special needs use special software, developed to assist them learn phonetic pronunciation, recognition and fluency, they come into the category of IT in education. On the other hand, if the software provides audio textual information to enhance the information specifically related to the subject then it is a part of AT (Parette & Peters, 2007). Experts have highlighted the need to assess the difference between

Continuing influence of original colonies Essay

Continuing influence of original colonies - Essay Example Some of these elements, including the desire for religious freedom, are reflected in contemporary culture and politics. For instance, Massachusetts Senator John Kerry introduces the â€Å"Workplace Religious Freedom Act† every year, never with the support to pass it. Religious freedom in New England seems to be as pressing a need as it was for the Pilgrims and Puritans in the 17th century. Noticeably, Pilgrim and Puritan laws were not created in order to protect religious diversity, as might be the justification for contemporary legislation. But the spirit of the law as protecting, instead of hindering, one’s freedom to one’s own ideas is the same in both cases. The motivation behind the bill is to protect citizens from restricting workplace religious activities1. It accomplishes this by closing loopholes related to â€Å"reasonable accommodations† to employees’ religious needs. Kerry’s legislation is aimed at enforcing religious freedom in t he workplace throughout the entire country; nevertheless, the value of religious freedom seems only to be a value worth actively pursuing in the region where the New England Colonies developed. ... On a more practical level, New England has always relied on the fishing industry for economic viability, due mainly to the fact that fish is an abundant resource for New England industry and to the fact that fishing was established early in its history. In fact, the Colony of Massachusetts Bay began as a fishing venture motivated primarily by profit. Fish, along with timber and crops, were exported to every corner of the world from New England’s famous port towns. From the point of view of any modern New Englander from Gloucester, New Bedford or Plymouth, which are all steeped in American history, fishing has a central place in the legacy of their hometowns. In an opinion piece about fishing regulations2, the writer sides with small fishing operations that have gone out of business because of â€Å"catch shares.† Catch shares refer to fishery management systems that dedicate a secure privilege to harvest a specific area or percentage of a fishery’s total allowabl e catch to individuals, communities or associations. In doing so, he or she is siding with the traditional New England orientation toward the small business structure that values family. Also, the article emphasizes the cuts being made to organizations designed to protect fishing, which shows just how much New England values (and always has valued) its fishing infrastructure. Briefly alluding to the history of the region and its dependence on fishing for its economic and social livelihood, the author is appealing both logically and emotionally to a sense of connection to the past for a prosperous future. The Middle Colonies, made up of Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, and Delaware, were considerably more diverse in their origin that the New England Colonies. Although some came to the

2 journal questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

2 journal questions - Assignment Example They can develop sleep disorders, attention problems, and difficulties in comprehending what they learn at school. The excessive exposure to the media can also make children overeat, and the consequence is weight gain or obesity. I also learned that providing the children with non-electronic materials and limiting their screen time can help overcome the problems (AAP). I learned effective approaches that can be used to tame children who use their phones excessively. Most children value keeping in touch with each other and can end up misusing their phones by over texting. Although the habit is annoying, texting is a preferred mode of communication among kids. The excessive use phones can affect how kids handle their homework, engage with family members, and attend to other responsibilities. Parents should insist that phones be kept aside at times such as when taking dinner or conversing with their seniors. Parents can take away their kids’ phones at night for charging, as well as, monitoring how they used them during the day. Finally, parents can institute location and time limits for phone use

Literature Survey Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Literature Survey - Essay Example The authors found that temperature was the main driver in load forecasting. Increase in temperature was also found to affect the transmission of electric power negatively, by restricting the load carrying capacity of the transmission and distribution lines. They also found that in the United Kingdom the relationship between demand and temperature was inversely proportionate, due to the lower temperatures experienced in the United Kingdom. In summer though the general average demand was found to fall due to the lack of heating requirements, when temperatures exceeded twenty degrees Celsius demand increased, because of enhanced air-conditioning and cooling loads (Hor, Watson & Majitha, 2005) Among the several weather factors, temperature is the most influential weather factor that impinges on consumption of electricity. Rise in temperature in winter reduces consumption of electricity, because of lower demand for heating. High temperatures however, increase demand on electricity for air-conditioning and refrigeration requirements. The speed of prevailing winds may have some impact on air-conditioning and cooling from fans. There general effect of cooling from higher wind speed. Rainfall, relative humidity and are sunshine are three more factors that affects the demand of electricity. Wet conditions are increased during rainfall and enhanced relative humidity, increasing demands for heating in winter. In addition the cloud cover during rainy periods diminishes the heating effect of sunshine. The demand during extremes of heat and cold is non-linear with regard to temperature, but the model shows better forecasting of demand by the addition of these factors for the summer months (Hor, Watson & Majitha, 2005). Moving closer to the study area of the impact of weather on electricity consumption in Sacramento, California, Franco and Sanstad, 2005, studied the possible enhanced stress on the

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 20

History - Essay Example The magnitude of this case was clear from the onset as the burden of proof was left in the hands of top government legal practitioners. No greater expectation was put on the side of the petitioner, Mr. Lochner, whom many thought, would lose. The case was about the working environments in the bakeries and Mr. Lochnerhad been fined by the court for extending the working hours for his employee thereby bridging the rules stipulated by the state. The working hours in the bakeries were to be not more than 10 hour a day averaging to about 60 hours a week (Bernstein, 2005). However, Mr. Lochner argued his case based on individual contract and that the state policing power had no rights in interfering in such private issues. The Supreme Court ruling on this case would spark serious indifference that would be felt over a long period (Bernstein, 2005). The sitting judges of the Supreme Court at that time lead by Justice Peckam who declared their decision voting 5-4 in support of the case (Bernstein, 2005). They argued that the contracts in the bakery were a matter that would be derived from the Fourth amendment. The Fourth Amendment stipulated that "All men are by nature free and independent, and have certain inalienable rights, among which are those of enjoying and defending life and liberty, acquiring and possessing and protecting property: and pursuing and obtaining safety and happiness (Bernstein, 2005)." The ruling cited supported the ruling by arguing that the state had no right in how an individual entered into a contract. This was in reference to a previous case in 1897 between Allgeryer and Louisiana in which the liberty of contract clause was due applied (Bernstein, 2005). This was mainly geared to put off the foreign investors from the competition with the already bakeshops in the state. Their decision would later be termed as judicial activism in favor of individual interest and the supporting economic liberty while depriving

Gender violence and human rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Gender violence and human rights - Essay Example X was too scared to go back, she was scared her husband and his family would kill her. After hearing about Newham Asian Women's Project from a friend, X came to see us at the Advice Service. We tried to find a refuge space for X but none was available, particularly as X did not have access to public funds in the UK due to the nature of her spousal visa. For centuries and millennia, women had been suffering the brunt of physical abuse by their spouses in grim silence. But as shocking as it may sound to us, domestic violence never even was much of a social issue until the advent of the feminist movement in the 1970's. The myth of family harmony and bliss exploded as the ugly face of domestic violence was finally exposed. It was only in the late 60's and early 70's that the enormity of this problem started coming to light, thanks to the vehement articulations of women's groups bringing the issue out of closet and into the public awareness. The struggle for change and transformation in the lives of all women was the hallmark of the feminist movement which emerged in the UK and the US at the end of the wildly rebellious decade of 1960's. The awareness of and the movement for abused women gradually went global (Dobaash and Dobash, 2001). On the basis of this spreading awareness of women's abuse in home settings, feminist activists sought social and political change, urging the state to intervene in order to provide support and relief for the abused women. Since then a lot of progress has been made that militated against domestic violence. As can be surmised from the case study cited above, there is presently a very impressive degree of support available for victims of domestic abuse in the UK. On a more basic level, however, the prevalence of domestic violence even within the Western countries can be seen to be raging unabated. On the one hand, there have been many radical changes beginning with the increasing recognition and acknowledgement of this problem over the past couple of decades, this awareness in itself being a phenomenon of fundamental importance in tacking the issue. The fact that it is becoming increasingly unacceptable for a man, in the common ethos of the society, to use physical or sexual violence against his female partner, is in itself an impressive achievement. However, on the other hand, in spite of the positively changing ethos and perceptions, a favourable justice system, policy intervention, and the tremendous support provided by social service and voluntary agencies, the actual extent of the problem continues to be a major concern for feminists, human rights activists, and all responsible

The Purpose of Determining the Main and the Basic Problems of the Unit Essay - 3

The Purpose of Determining the Main and the Basic Problems of the United States of America - Essay Example Obviously, the intensity and the mode of the practice of racism has been changed and evolved but it has not been eliminated from the society. This evolution can be explained with the help of an easy example. When a person starts to give extra privileges to a man of African American descent and treats him different from others, this is where racism kicks in. The mode of racism has been changed from ‘treat them like hell’ to ‘treat them different from others, be it in a good sense so that they feel that they are not one of us’. But the fact cannot be denied that there have been made certain efforts by the public as a whole including the state in which this element has been tried to be eliminated. For instance, let us take the example of the Boston busing desegregation. Although it was a very hard time for the administration and the people as a whole when the people of South Boston turned on the Blacks, it was an effort by the government nonetheless. It was not only the busing desegregation but Boston had even prior to this made their intentions clear in the riots and protests against the racial imbalance act. The children that were brought to South Boston suffered deep emotional stress but they laid some of the building stones in the development of eliminating the racial discrimination. The president Ronald Regan, however, had some policies which can be said to be not so much in conformity with the interests of all the races, especially the African American ones. In fact, it would not be an exaggeration if one said that the policies of Mr. Regan suggested that he had no care for the blacks of his country. For instance, let us take the example of his support of Bob Jone’s university. The university was denied the tax exemptions from the IRS. The IRS basically denied the tax exemptions to the colleges and universities which had the policy of segregation on the basis  of races.  

How did Bobbie Ann Mason`s upbringing in the rural south influence her writing of Shiloh Essay Example for Free

How did Bobbie Ann Mason`s upbringing in the rural south influence her writing of Shiloh Essay Bobbie Ann Mason is considered as one of the great American writers from the South. Her personal background as a Southerner influenced and set a backdrop for most of her fiction stories. From a small country girl who used to read Bobbsey Twins and the Nancy Drew mysteries, Bobbie Ann Mason has become one of the Americas leading fiction writers. In 1980 The New Yorker published her first story. It took me a long time to discover my material, she says. It wasnt a matter of developing writing skills; it was a matter of knowing how to see things. And it took me a very long time to grow up. Id been writing for a long time, but was never able to see what there was to write about. I always aspired to things away from home, so it took me a long time to look back at home and realize that thats where the center of my thought was† (Bobbie Ann Mason’s Homepage). This discourse will try to map out the journey that Bobbie Ann Mason has taken from being just a country girl to being one of America’s leading fiction writers as well as how her upbringing has been manifested in her writings, especially â€Å"Shiloh†. Bobbie Ann Mason was born in 1940 in a small town in Mayfield, Kentucky. Growing up in her parents’ dairy farm, she spent most of her childhood days in the typical rural Southern setting and experiencing the Southern way of upbringing. (â€Å"Bobbie Ann Mason,† Wikipedia) The first nine (9) years of her educational life were spent in a rural school. Shortly thereafter Bobbie Ann Mason attended a city school where she stayed until her graduation. It was here where she first experienced living in the city and experiencing the hustle and bustle that was absent from the rural setting that she was accustomed to in Kentucky (Webber). It was her love for literature that prompted her to pursue a degree in journalism from the University of Kentucky and eventually attain a Ph. D. in English from the University of Connecticut. (â€Å"Bobbie Ann Mason,† Wikipedia) This seeming â€Å"duality† of her background, growing up in the Southern Setting and highly educated in a metropolitan setting, is reflected within most of her written works (Hunt). Rothstein describes Mason’s style as a combination of her â€Å"intellectual sophistication† (after all, she had a doctorate degree) and â€Å"the sense of isolated, yearning existence of her rural characters [is] one she has never quite shed herself. The influence of growing up in the South is clearly shown in most of her characters in her stories yet the theme and feel of the story reveals her intellect and cosmopolitan views as well. A perfect example of how Mason reveals this â€Å"duality† is in Shiloh. In Shiloh, Mason shows this through the challenges that the characters undergo; some of these changes that the characters in experience deal with the nature of human life, the changes brought on by death, the issues on disease and aging; but these changes are not so common, nor as troublesome, in Masons stories as the changes brought on by a changing society. These changes, as Edwin T. Arnold correctly observes, are brought about by the fact that the present has effectively displaced, transformed, and cheapened the traditional, and Masons characters are depicted as they lose their strengths and beliefs and find nothing substantial to replace them (136) Bobbie Ann Mason’s writings are mostly set in the South. Her version is more realistic and not romanticized; unlike the works of Faulkner or O’Connor (Hunt), she depicts small-town rural Southern living, using dialogue and settings characteristic of the South (Hunt). However, southern history and all it represents seems irrelevant to her characters lives (Fine 87). Bobbie Ann Mason occasionally reveals her talent and wit by being able to focus more on her characters and their sense of isolation and their want for something more from their lives and draw the reader towards the characters and make them empathize with the characters. These characters are not simply depicted as typical Southerners, but rather as people who are trying desperately to get into the society rather than out of it (Reed 60). Mason shows the Southern Influence by creating believable characters that are caught in the transition between the old, pastoral, rural world of farms and close-knit communities and the modern, anonymous, suburban world of shopping malls and fast-food restaurants (Shiloh: Themes). In Shiloh, for example, Leroy did not notice the change in his hometown while he was on the road as a trucker. However, now that Leroy has come home to stay, he notices how much the town has changed. Subdivisions are spreading across western Kentucky like an oil slick. Change, a theme often used by Mason in her works, shows just how much Mason is influenced by her upbringing and also reveals how she laments over how people are slow to realize the changes in southern society. In this story, it takes a traumatic event of some kind to make the characters see that the land has changed or that they no longer know who they are. In Leroys case, it is his accident and injury in his rig that make him see that the land has changed, that Norma Jean has changed, and that in all the years he was on the road he never took time to examine anything. He was always flying past scenery (2). Several of Masons characters react to the changes in their lives by trying, at least momentarily, to go back. Leroy thinks that he can hold onto his wife if he can go back to a simpler time. He decides to accomplish this by building her a log cabin for which he goes so far as to order the blueprints and to build a miniature out of Lincoln Logs. Mabel, Leroys mother-in-law, is convinced that if Leroy and Norma Jean will go to Shiloh where she and her husband went on their honeymoon, they can somehow begin their fifteen-year-old marriage anew. So does Leroy. He says to Norma, You and me could start all over again. Right back at the beginning (15). It is ironic, fitting, and symbolic that it is at Shiloh that Norma tells him she wants to leave him. By storys end, Leroy knows that he cannot go back as it occurs to him that building a house of logs is . . . empty too simple. . . . Now he sees that building a log house is the dumbest idea he could have had. . . . It was a crazy idea (16). He realizes that the real inner workings of a marriage, like most of history, have escaped him (16). The female characters that Mason brings to life are what set her stories apart from the usual literature which depicts Southern women; their dreams, goals, and their want for progress significantly differs from those of the traditional Southern belle characters such as Scarlett O’Hara and Adie (Hunt). The female characters of Mason embrace change and are not afraid of it (Kincaid 582). This seemingly feminist theme reflects the change in social relationships between men and women; how evolving and rapidly shifting gender roles affect the lives of simple people. Mason also shows how some of her women try to forge new identities in the wake of shifting gender roles and how their efforts often include a blatant shrinking of traditionally feminine behaviors or characteristics; sometimes they seem almost completely to be trading roles with the men in their lives. And since change often causes uncertainty and instability, another aspect is the way these women find some solid ground through connections with other women (Bucher). â€Å"Shiloh† is a story that symbolizes the modern woman striving to find her identity (Cooke 196). In this short story, Bobbie Ann Mason masterfully portrays the lead female character, Norma Jean, as one such woman; strong, determined and confused in a search for her identity. Mason is able to show this to the reader through the acts of Norma Jean as she tries to improve her physical appearance by â€Å"working on her pectorals† (Mason 271), enrolls in a variety of classes, from weightlifting to cooking exotic foods to English composition in an attempt to become a new woman (Thompson 3). These actions of Norma Jean actions reveal more of a strong desire for inner personal transformation, much more than anything else. However, Mason also recognizes that abrupt change in one’s personality has its own dangers (Hunt), as illustrated by Norma Jean and Leroy’s relationship. Norma Jean and Leroy’s relationship is a perfect example of the dangers of an abrupt change as it shows a marriage with serious problem and the effect that change has on it. Leroy and Norma Jean Moffitt, are working-class people living in the modern South, and thus they bring into their marriage all sorts of unspoken expectations of who they should be, which often contrast violently with who they are even more so with who they are becoming (Bucher). When in a twist of fate, Leroy loses the use of his leg, Norma Jean suddenly assumes the role of being the man in the family and this leads to problems. It is this sort of change that is not only abrupt but also drastic which Mason shows in Shiloh that reveals her Southern influence. She emphasizes the changing role of women in society by using the Southern setting as a backdrop. Mason is a lover of rock and roll music. This passion and preference for rock music and pop culture are frequently reflected throughout her stories as well (Webber). â€Å"Writing is my version of rock-and-roll,† Rothstein quotes her (Webber). This is aptly shown in â€Å"Shiloh,† where the main characters themselves are named after Elvis Presley and Marilyn Monroe, popular icons of the rock and roll scene and pop culture in the early 1950s. All in all, it can be said that Bobbie Ann Mason’s personal background shows a very consistent influence in the fiction stories that she writes and provides a deeper and different perspective about living in a Southern setting and rural life in general. In the country in Kentucky, people are just amazed that anybody in New York wants to read about their lives (Rothstein). With fiction stories of Bobbie Ann Mason, however, it is not surprising that people will want to read more about Kentucky or the Southern locales of the United States, for that matter, for her stories speak of the universal human experiences that transcend physical and cultural boundaries which people can identify with. WORKS CITED: Arnold, Edwin J. Falling Apart and Staying Together. Appalachian Journal (1985): 135-141Aycock-Simpson, Judy. Bobbie Ann Mason’s Portrayal of Modern Western Kentucky Border States: Journal of the Kentucky-Tennessee American Studies Association, No. 7 (1989) â€Å"Bobbie Ann Mason. † Wikipedia: Free Encyclopedia. August 30, 2006. November 11, 2006 http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Bobbie_Ann_Mason â€Å"Bobbie Ann Mason. † Bobbie Ann Mason’s Homepage. September 17, 2005. November 24, 2006 http://www. eiu. edu/~eng1002/authors/mason2/bio. htm Shiloh: Themes. Short Stories for Students. Ed. Marie Rose Napierkowski. Vol. 3. Detroit: Gale, 1998. eNotes. com. January 2006. 24 November 2006. http://www. enotes. com/shiloh/32686 Bucher, Tina. â€Å"Changing Roles and Finding Stability: Women in Bobbie Ann Mason’s Shiloh and Other Stories† Border States: Journal of the Kentucky-Tennessee American Studies Association, No. 8 (1991) Cooke, Stewart J. Masons Shiloh. The Explicator 51 (1993): 196-197. Fine, Laura. Going Nowhere Slow: The Post-South World of Bobbie Ann Mason. The Southern Literary Journal 32 (1999). Hunt, Kristina. â€Å"Mason’s Transformation of the South. † October 27, 2000. November 11, 2006.

Effect of Ph on Green Pea Germination Essay Example for Free

Effect of Ph on Green Pea Germination Essay Effect of pH on Green Pea Germination Objective: To determine how pH affects the germination of green peas and to examine the degree of germination within each pH level. We will do this by using various buffer solutions (along with distilled water) to grow green peas. Hypothesis: We expected that the group of peas that encountered a pH of 7 to have the most and highest degree of germination. Materials: tap water buffer solutions pH 3,5, 7, 1 distilled water 50 greens peas trays paper towels beakers Procedure: Wrap 25 peas (25 peas = 1 group) in paper towels. Place each group in 2. Pour 10 mL of tap water and 30 mL of distilled water or buffer solution onto each group of peas 3. 4. Add tap water accordingly to keep peas moist After one week, add another 20mL of distilled water or buffer solution onto each group of peas. 5. Observe amount of germination and degree of germination (length of the shoots) PH3 PH5 Distilled Water PH7 PH9 PHII Number Germinated 17 24 Number not Germinated Number of peas with shoots that were at least 1 inch long 14

Examining The Effectiveness Of Accounting Systems Accounting Essay

Examining The Effectiveness Of Accounting Systems Accounting Essay The assignment begins with an attempt to find out the effective of accounting systems within a business and the analysis of management control systems of a business. Research: I used a mixture of primary and secondary research methods to complete this assignment. I have provided references at the end where necessary and used a variety of books and notes. Along with that I consulted a few websites, details are on the references. TASK 1 Introduction of accounting Accounting is all about providing financial and economic information. Accounting information is economic information, it relates to the financial or economic activities of the business. Accounting information shows the financial position of a business. This is done by the set of accounts, based on a system known as double-entry bookkeeping. One of the first complete documentation about how to keep books of accounting was written by the professor of mathematics in Rome Luca Pacioli in 1494. This documentation described the double-entry system of accounting. It was adopted and still used today around the world. Users of Accounting: there are two type of users. F:DocumentsDownloadsch1_accounting_types_users.gif http://simplestudies.com/introduction-to-accounting.html Types of accounting There are two types of accounting 1: Financial accounting Financial accounting tells us about the financial position of Business it is used to prepare financial statement. This gives all the finance related information to its users and on the basis of that information a user will be able to do comparison and analyse the position of the company and it takes part in important decision making process. 2: Management accounting On the other hand management accounts deals with the budgeting, business expenses and cost analysis it is used to make planning and control the business expenses. Accounting systems Computerised accounting system Manual accounting system These days computerised accounting system is widely used in all type of businesses. The result of this system is more convenient and accurate then manual accounting system. The question arises how this system operates, this system operates by computer software which has to install in the computer. Accounting packages softwares which is used in these days it is used to get payroll packages sales ledger purchase ledger and fixed assets. There are lots of accounting softwares are available one of the famous software name is off the shelf software it generates the document by getting commands by coding this software is very easy to use because of this software we dont need any professional accountant who set up the account it is very convenient to use one of the example of such software is sage which is very common in these days and easy to operate and it generates the accounts information by its self by coding and another kind of software is called as BESPOKE software its a customised software most of the bigger size organisations are using this software. It gives them customised entries in the books of accounts. Coding Computer operates on the bases of dose commands to performs its tasks for the accounting software coding is used to make the software more easy to use e.g. 05 for purchases 15 for interest 25 for profit and loss accounts Untitled sssss.jpg Manual accounting system Manual accounting systems are the traditional form of maintaining a businesss accounts and records this includes different steps like ledgers cash book petty cash book income statement and balance sheet which includes all the day to day transactions and sell purchase accounts this accounting system needs skills and knowledge to full fill its requirements. 1.1 Effectiveness of accounting system within a business: Information generated from the accounting system can be effective in decision making process sale and purchase of assets and in investments. Quality and benefits of accounting system is evaluated from the performance evaluation, internal control and proper records of transactions. Effectiveness of accounting information is depend on time management which have a great effect on accounting systems effectiveness, there for the accounting records should be maintain on time and with accuracy of accounting information it have a great impact on the effectiveness of accounting system. Generally accounting information system provide the information about financial position on daily and weekly basis the effectiveness of accounting system not only depend upon the propose of such system it also depend on the contingency factors ( factors like culture understanding of organisation and outer atmosphere) accounting information is said to be effective when the information is complete and according to the system users effectiveness of accounting system is subject to many researches from a long time. Accounting information is usually divided into two categories (1) the information that facilitate decision making (2) Information that influence decision making. 1.2: Accounting records All of the documents and books includes in the preparation of accounting records includes journal, ledger, trial balance, cash books, invoices or any document which help in to make accounts. In accounting records a cycle is used which is called as accounting cycle it determines the steps of financial statement. ACCOUNTING CYCLE F:DocumentsDownloadsaccounting-cycle4.jpg http://basiccollegeaccounting.com/what-is-an-accounting-cycle-and-the-steps-involved/ Purpose and use of accounting records: All accounting records are very useful and had a great value for its respective business without a proper accounting records it is very difficult to run a business successfully. The purpose of maintaining accounting records to evaluate how much capital and assets a business have and also maintain the records of creditors and debtors or buyers and sellers by the respect of that records a user can have a clear eye on the business and watch the losses and profits in the business whether the business doing well or not and on the basis of that records business can take decisions whether business have to invest or take out all the investments or run the business as it is these record help to make more accurate and satisfied decision making which help to make business more profit and also used for calculating tax liability and give the information to the investors who are willing to buy the shares of that company. Accounting concepts Accounting concepts is very important, it is used to support the application of the true and fair view, and accounting has adopted certain concepts which help to ensure that accounting information is presented accurately and consistently. (1) Going concern: it is assumed that the business entity for which accounts are being prepared is solvent and variable, and the business will continue its operations for the foreseeable future. This has important implications for the valuation of assets and liabilities. (2) Accruals concept: revenue and expenses are taken account of when they occur and not when the cash is received or paid out. (3) Prudence concept: revenue and profits are included in the balance sheet only when they are realized and liabilities are included when there is a reasonable possibility of incurring them it is also called conservation concept. Profits are not recognised until a sale has been completed. In addition, a cautious view is taken for future problems and costs of the business (they are provided for in the accounts as soon as there is a reasonable chance that such costs will be incurred in the future. (4) Consistency concept: once an entity has chosen an accounting method, it should continue to use the same method, except for a solid reason to change. Any change in the accounting method must be disclosed. Transactions and valuation methods are treated the same way from year to year, or period to period. Where accounting policies are changed, companies are required to disclose this fact and explain the impact of any change. (5) Entity concept: accounting records reflect the financial activities of a specific business or organization, and not of its owners or employees. (6) Matching concept: transactions affecting both revenues and expenses should be recognized in the same accounting period. (7) Materiality concept: relatively minor events may be ignored, but the major ones should be fully disclosed. (8) Realization concept: any change in the market value of an asset or liability is not recognized as a profit or loss until the asset is sold or the liability is paid off (discharged). (9) Money measurement concept: accounting process records only those activities that can be expressed in monetary terms (with some exceptions, as in cost-accounting). (10) Separate entity concept: Business is the separate entity from its owner. (11)Relevance concept: This implies that, to be useful, accounting information must assist a user to form, confirm or maybe revise a view usually in the context of making a decision (e.g. should I invest, should I lend money to this business? Should I work for this business?) 1.3: Factors Affecting Accounting System There are lots of factors which affect the accounting system the major factor are which affect the organisation is the (1) nature of business and (2)size of organisation and 3the structure of the organization if the organization is a multinational company then the accounting system of that organisation is on a very high level and very complex and they have separate department for all the accounting related work if a small company going to increase its size then they should have to change the accounting method and adopt the new method because of large amount of transactions are also taken place in the business on which the old method can no longer apply, and the other factor which affect the accounting system the change in IAS if in IAS some new rules are coming in then the business have to adopt that rule and adopt in the business and make there strategy according to it. 2.1: Business risk: Business risk cannot be eliminated but must be managed by companies. There are several ways to minimize the business risk by proper planning. Determining Business Risk: Developing the Business Risk Model It is important for an organization to identify the business risks that exist in the environment in which it operates. To identify those risks, organizations must look at their external environments. External business risks are economic, political, social, environmental, technological, and other external conditions. An organization cannot fully understand its business risks unless it also understands its business objectives, strategies, and processes. Interrelationships between business objectives, strategies, processes, and business risk http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub90/appendix1.html Types of risk: Operational risks: Operational risks are associated with your business operational and administrative procedures. These include: recruitment supply chain transportation accounting controls IT systems regulations board composition Business should examine these operations, prioritise the risks and make necessary provisions. Financial Risk: Financial risk is the risk made by equity holders by using of firms debt. If the company raises capital by borrowing money, I t must pay back with the interest charges. This increases the degree of uncertainty about the company and it must have enough income to pay back that amount in the future Compliance risk: Compliance risk is the possibility that the business will not comply with laws and regulations in the jurisdictions where it operates or that the organization will break any legally contract. Noncompliance can be dangerous, or it can result from being unaware or local legal requirements. Response to risk: A business can take any given risk. Accept risk: if the risk of loss is minimum then only accept the risk and carry on business according to it. Reduce risk: reducing the risk by better planning and strategies Avoid risk: do not enter into that kind of business in which there is some bigger risk Transfer risk: companies can also transfer the risk by taking insurance policy. 2.2: Describe and evaluate the control system The environment in which business operates and the system it adopts is a process, affected by an entitys board of directors, management and other personnel, designed to provide assurance regarding to the success of objectives in the following areas: effectiveness and efficiency of operations, reliability of financial reporting, and Compliance with applicable laws and regulations. IAS315 gives us an understanding of the entity and its environment and assessing the risk of business and control system of business. ISA identify the five elements of control system, The control environment Risk assessment Information and communication Control activities Monitoring Control environment: Control environment is that in which control system operates. Control environment is defined by the business management. Control environment forming a base for control activities, risk assessment, monitoring, awareness and action of those changed with governance and management. The control environment is the most important component because it sets the tone for the organization. Factors of the control environment include employees integrity, the organizations commitment to competence, managements philosophy and operating style, and the attention and direction of the board of directors and its audit committee. Risk assessment: Risk assessment analyse the identification, analysis, and management of uncertainty in business facing the organization. Risk assessment is relevant to the financial reporting and organization operational objectives. The management have to carry out a risk assessment from auditor which provides information with confidence that company system will not have any error in them. Information system: Information system is the system that processes the information within an organization it includes processing the information and the procedure to initiate record and report on financial statement both manual and computerised. Control activities: Control activities include the policies and procedures maintained by the management of an organization to find risk. E.g. Control activity is a policy requiring the approval by the board of directors for all purchases exceeded from an estimating amount. Control activities are the important element of internal control, this provide satisfaction to prevent wrong decision from occurring. Monitoring: Monitoring refers to the assessment of the quality of internal control. Monitoring activities provide information about potential and actual breakdowns in a control system that could make it difficult for an organization to achieve its goals. 2.3: Fraud Fraud is an intentional mistake by the management, employs or third parties for illegal financial advantages. Or if we talk about an error its an unintentional mistake. Fraud is difficult to be identifying because it is done by complete planning and care so the internal audit is conduct to detect the fraud. THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FRAUDS AND ERROR: The distinguishing factor between fraud and error is that action which results in a misstatement of the financial statements it is intentional or unintentional. The term fraud is a broad legal concept, but the auditor is concerned with fraud that causes a material mistake in the financial statements. ISA 240 (Redrafted) defines fraud as: An intentional act by one or more individuals among management, those charged with governance, employees, or third parties, involving the use of deception to obtain an unjust or illegal advantage. And SAS 99 defines fraud as an intentional act that results in a material misstatement in financial statements http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statement_on_Auditing_Standards_No._99:_Consideration_of_Fraud Types of fraud: There are many types of fraud which relates to a business. Ghost employ Miscasting of payrolls, Stealing unclaimed wages, Collusion external parties Teeming and leading Altering cheques and inflating expense claim Stealing assets Issuing false creditor notes Failing to record all sales Prevention of Fraud: Fraud is preventing by implementing the rules and laws in the business some of the points are written below which is very useful for the business to prevent the business from fraud. A good internal control system Continuous supervision of all employees Surprise audit visits Through personal procedure Detection of fraud in the business: Maintaining key control procedure reduce the risk of fraud occurring and increases the risk of detection control over cash transaction are more important this is the main area in which mostly frauds are happen. Cash receipts: Keep eye on all transactions which are placing in the business. Divide the duties between different functions, in other words more than a person. There are following point which is very useful to detect the fraud. Receipts by post: Safeguard to prevent interception of mail between receipts and opening. Appoint person to supervise mails Protection of cash and cheques Control over cash sales and collection: Restriction of receipts received Evidence Clearance of cash officer and register Investigation of cash storage and surpluses Paying into bank Daily banking Make up and comparison of paying in slips and receipts Banking receipts record Condition and events: Particular financial reporting pressure in an entity; Inadequate working capital due to declining profit or too rapid expansion Increases sales on credit this area should be check to find out if anything is going wrong is that department. Unusual transaction: If unusual transaction is take place especially at year end that gives any significant effect on earnings. Complex transaction or accounting treatment. Task 3 3.1: Auditors Duties, rights and liability; What is an audit? An audit is an examination of a companys financial statements prepared by the directors of the company. Its purpose is to give the company shareholders an independent, professional and informed opinion on the financial statements: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ It has been prepared according to the Companies Acts, any other relevant legislation and relevant accounting standards. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ It gives a true and fair view of the condition of the company on financial statement. Who is an auditor? An auditor is an independent professional person who is qualified to audit a companys financial statements. What does an audit involve? In carrying out an audit, an auditor will usually: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Identify the data of the financial statements that have some errors. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ check the transactions record, account balances and disclosures. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Give suggestions on companys accounting policies are reasonable. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Test that the companys internal controls are effective. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ write management letter if any problems discovered during the audit and advise on how to deal with that. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ write and issue the auditors report to the members of the company. What are the duties of auditors? Duty to provide an audit report: The main duty of auditors is to report to the shareholders on whether in their opinion the companys financial statements give a true and fair view. They may give: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ A qualified opinion this says that the financial statements give a true and fair view of the companys state of affairs except for certain stated circumstances. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ A disclaimer of opinion this shows that the auditor is unable to give an opinion whether the financial statements gives a true and fair view or not. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ An adverse opinion it says that the financial statements do not give a true and fair view. What are the rights of auditors? Auditors have the right to: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Access the books and accounts of the company and its subsidiaries; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Access information and explanations from the companys directors and employees. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ be notified of company general meetings and address the meetings. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ explain in general meeting the circumstances of any condition to remove them as auditor. Liabilities of auditor: Give a true and fair view on financial statement and deliver the right information to the general public and shareholders to prevent them from loss 3.2: Internal and external audit: The External Auditor: the external auditor tests the transactions record that takes part in the  financial  statements. The  internal Auditor: The internal auditor, on the other hand, deals with its major operations, risk management and internal controls.   The Main Differences There are many key differences between internal and external audit. The external auditor is an external contractor how does not belongs to the organization, company hire the he auditor for auditing firms. The external auditor seeks to provide an opinion on whether the accounts show a true and fair view. Whereas internal audit forms an opinion on the adequacy and effectiveness of systems of risk management and  internal control, many of which are outside the main  accounting  systems.   The 3 Key Models of Organization Activities Involves Internal and External Audit 3 Key Models of Organization Activities involves Internal Vs External Auditor Difference and Similarities of Internal Auditor Vs. External Auditor Here is a  list of  Internal  Audit Versus  External Audit in detail: Internal Auditor Vs External Auditor   http://accounting-financial-tax.com/2008/08/differences-and-similarities-of-internal-auditor-v-external-auditor/ 3.3: Planning of auditing In auditing of any organisation, auditor has to consider certain things before audit. First is scope In any audit should be to determine its scope and the auditors general approach. Audit strategy: Auditor has to make some strategy for the auditing and place it with auditing documents which defines the major areas on which auditor has to take extra care and the difficulties associate with audit and the auditing clients points of concerns. Documents accounting system: Auditor has to collect all those documents associated with audit e.g. financial statement, transactions record, receipts, and other related documents. Auditor need these documents to analyse it and find all the aspects of transactions to find out whether the financial statement have any error or not or is there any possibility of fraud is there or not and whether it gives a true and fair view or not. System and internal controls: At this stage the objective is to determine the flow of documents and the facts related to the documents and the operational system in the organisation. At this level auditor has to find the facts related to documents and the documents flow in the departments including sales, purchases, cash and stock and accounts personal. This is the good way to find out the rough estimate of system, after that which will be converted into formal record. Audit Risk: Just like risks in business some risks are also relates with the auditing. Audit risk is defined as: Audit risk is the risk that that auditor may give an inappropriate opinion on the financial statement Components of audit risk: Audit risk has three components: Inherent risk: Inherent risk is the risk that auditor may be misstated because of lack of knowledge and insufficient information available for it. Auditor has to use their professional practice and available knowledge about the item to asses inherent risk if no such information is available then the inherent risk is high. Control risk: Control risk is the risk that organisation control system fails to detect the material misstatement. And the financial statement do not prepare according to the IAS. Detection risk: Detection risk is the risk that auditor will fail to detect the material misstatement of accounting system. Detection risk relates to the knowledge, practice and the experience of the auditor. Materiality: Materiality is relates to the financial statement, it is an expression of the relative importance of a particular matter on the mean of financial statement as a whole or as an individual. A matter is material if its omission or misstatement could influence the economic decision of the users which basis on that financial statement. Materiality depends on the size operations of organization. ISA 320 tells the auditor to consider materiality and its relation with risk at the time of conducting an audit. 3.4: Audit testing and uses In developing overall audit plan, auditors uses five types of audit tests to find out whether financial statement are truly stated or not. Procedures to Obtain an Understanding Auditors perform this by a system called walkthrough to obtain understanding it applies on the transactions and entire process is operated like this. Tests of Controls procedure used to obtaining an understanding about internal control, it contains followings evidences Make inquires of client personal Examine documents, records and reports Observe control activities Reform client procedure Test of Control is used to determine whether the control system is effective or not and usually involves a testing of transaction. Substantive Tests of Transactions Procedures designed to test for dollar misstatements of financial statement balances. Analytical Procedures To indicate possible misstatements To reduce tests of details of balances Tests of Details of Balances Focus on ending G/L balances It is used to find out whether the balance of the financial statement is accurate. 3.5 Records Auditing process AuditProcessFlowchart.gif http://www.window.state.tx.us/taxinfo/audit/auditfun/5procedures.htm Audit test: In the large company with sophisticated internal control and low inherent risk therefore auditor perform extensive test and it relies on the client internal control to reduce substitutive test because of the emphasis on test of control and analytical procedure, this audit can be done comparable in inexpensive. This audit likely represents the mix of evidences used in integrated audit of public company financial statements and internal control over financial reporting. TASK4 4.1: Purpose of Audit Report Audit report is that report in which external auditor express their opinion about the true and fair view of the financial statement of the organisation. The audit report is published for the shareholders, management or directors and also for general public. There are two key differences between the report to shareholders and to report for the management. The shareholders report is to show whether the financial statement shows a true and fair view And the private report for the management and directors which contain comments and recommendations on the financial statement Contents of audit report: Auditor report on financial statement contains clear opinion based on the assessment of record. Audit report draw on a complete pattern which gives the clear view to its users. The main contents of audit report as follow. Untitled contents.JPG 4.2: Different qualifications in report: There are two types of reports one is unqualified or unmodified report and the second is qualified or modified report. 1: An unqualified audit report gives assurance to its users and gives true and fair of the financial statement and there is no material mistakes are in it. An unqualified report extract by laws and rule under companies act 1985. Which contain followings? Proper accounting records All information and explanations Details of directors benefits Particulars of loans and other transactions 2: Qualified report: On the qualified report auditor give two types of opinions. Matters that affect the auditors opinion Matter that do not affect the auditors opinion Matters that affect the auditors opinion Auditor may not be give appropriate opinion because of some circumstances like insufficient material of financial statement. And others factors are as follow. There is any limitation of scope in auditors work. It may be material or pervasive Disagreement with management it may be material or pervasive These two factors farther divide into two branches. A limitation of scope may lead to disclaimer of opinion. A disclaimer opinion should be expressed when the limitation of scope is so material or pervasive when auditor do not obtain any evidence related to that to express his opinion on the financial statement. Disagreement may leads to adverse opinion. It should be expressed when effect of disagreement is material and pervasive when some misleading or incomplete information in the financial statement. Matters that do not affect the auditors opinion In some circumstances auditor may give unqualified opinion because of the uncompleted information in the financial statement in this case auditor write a paragraph is called as emphasis of matter describing a fundamental uncertainty and then give an opinion on that. 4.3: Management letter: MANAGMENT LETTER The Board of Directors, ABC CO Alpha Co Limited, certified accountants 15 Essex Road 29 High Street, London, EC1N 2HB

German Jewry on the Eve of Destruction Essay -- Jews Jewish Nazi Essay

Did the Jews of Germany do enough to prevent their wholesale massacre by the Nazis? Should they have resisted earlier and to a greater degree? Should the Jews in Western countries acted even when Jews within Germany did not? In 1933, there were several different responses to Germany's increasingly anti-Jewish tendencies. Then, on the eve of destruction, before the Nazis had fully planned for their extermination, the German Jews had a chance to affect Germany and their own lives. I have chosen a few of the German Jewish responses to examine in this essay. After the single-day boycott of April 1, 1993, where the Magen David was posted on establishments of Jewish-race ownership, a Zionist named Robert Weltsch wrote the following lines in a Zionist newspaper article titled 'Wear It With Pride, The Yellow Badge': This is a painful reminder to all those who betrayed their Judaism...The Jew who denies his Judaism is no better a citizen than his fellow who avows it openly...The Jew is marked a Jew. He gets the Yellow Badge...This regulation is intended as a brand, a sign of contempt. We will take it up and make it a badge of honor.[1] As a Zionist, Weltsch was critical of those Jews who had replaced their Jewish identities with solely German ones. He was happy to see the German government show those Jews that they were still Jewish, regardless of what they thought -- as far as he was concerned the German government was helping his cause by reawakening the assimilated Jews in Germany. The Magen David was being recreated as the symbol of the Zionist movement and so why shouldn't Jews be proud to wear it? What Weltsch unfortunately did not seem to comprehend was the significance of these initial acts of discrimination. Th... ...story of the Holocaust. New York: Franklin Watts, 1982. p. 120. [**] Centralverein deutscher Straatsbà ¼rger jà ¼dischen Glaubens [5] C.V.-Zeitung, No. 22, June 1, 1933 (cited in Documents on the Holocaust p. 50-51). [6] Holborn, Halo. A History of Modern Germany. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1969. p. 277-280. [7] Bauer, p. 123. [8] Bauer, p. 117-118. [9] Yahil, p. 95. To return to the reference in the text, click on the number. Works Cited ed. Arad, Yitzhak, Yisrael Gutman and Abraham Margaliot. Documents on the Holocaust. Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 1981. Bauer, Yehuda. A History of the Holocaust. New York: Franklin Watts, 1982. Holborn, Halo. A History of Modern Germany. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1969. Yahil, Leni. The Holocaust: The Fate of European Jewry. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990.

samsung in china :: essays research papers

Environmental Analysis External Environment Chinese Market -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  still socialist economy „ »Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  huge gap between the stated plans and the actual ability of government to manage and control the economy „ »Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  tremendous amount of economic interaction took place outside the government ¡Ã‚ ¦s formal economic plan -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  many smugglings and piracies -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  regional blockades -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  over-employment problem Chinese color TV Market -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  full production capacity in demand „ »Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  principal battleground -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  high competition „ »Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Japanese firms: high-end market. Increasing production bases „ »Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Domestic Firms: low-end market. But they were less competitive in large screen TV. -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  small color TV market was shrinking „ »Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  large market size of these product lines facilitated the fast achievement of cost reduction(economy of the scale, learning effect) Consumer analysis -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  only 41% of households had color TV „ »Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  80% of urban, 28% of rural „ »Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Low-end market is not a viable long-term. But overall market was still expanding. -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Buying power: expanding both high-ends and low-ends -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tendency that first image of a product lasted long in the eyes of the consumer. „ »Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  the reason for differentiation needed focusing on high-ends -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  consumer preference „ »Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Urban- brand name, functionality were important factors. „ »Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rural- reasonable quality and low price were preferred. -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  High protected market: too much tariff cost „ »Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  localization needed Domestic (Korean) Market -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Deteriorating of competitive advantage: rising the labor cost -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Korean government policy: supportive of big business „ »Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  getting worse of Korean market „ »Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Losing the M/S in the U.S. and no longer competitive in the low-end product „ »Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  need to change the strategy focusing on high-end, high-tech -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Liberalization of Korean market „ »Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Foreign firms were permitted to sell their product directly „ »Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  More competitive in Domestic market, losing the domestic M/S „ »Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Samsung had to expand the foreign market. Internal Environment Experience in the U.S. -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Set up the subsidiary there in 1979 -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Focusing on the low-end market segment based on competitive labor cost in Korea because of large demand and low competition base, and low barrier in the U.S. -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Samsung produced a few of the most popular sizes TV for cost reduction through economies of scale and the experience curve. -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dual brand policy: adopting  ¡Ã‚ §buyer brand name(large retailers or OEM) ¡Ã‚ ¨ mostly but trying to build its own brand image -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Establishing a production subsidiary in the U.S. because of trade barrier -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Policy of Japanese firms: targeting high-ends for differentiation through brand name recognition „ »Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Matsushita: 4% of M/S in 1995 but could be high-price, higher profit -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Policy of Samsung: still pricing strategy even though it had good quality of product „ »Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3% of M/S, but much less profit than Matsushita and facing intense competition -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Importance of TV industry to Samsung: second proportion of Samsung electronics „ »Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It was getting worse in situation of Samsung electronics, so needed some way to solve these problems Market participation in China -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  later market entering than Japanese firms -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The establishment of SCH would enhance its image in China and speed up the accumulation of local knowledge of the market.

All The Shah’s Men by Stephen Kinzer Essay -- All The Shah’s Men, Step

In the novel All The Shah’s Men we are introduced to Iran, and the many struggles and hardships associated with the history of this troubled country. The Iranian coup is discussed in depth throughout the novel, and whether the Untied States made the right decision to enter into Iran and provide assistance with the British. If I were to travel back to 1952 and take a position in the CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) for the sole purpose of examining the American Foreign Intelligence, I would have to conclude that the United States should have examined their options more thoroughly, and decided not to intervene with Iran and Mossadegh. I have taken this position after great analysis, which is something that Eisenhower and his staff never did. By discussing the history of Iran, the Anglo-Iranian oil company, and Document NSC-68 I will try to prove once and for all that going through with the coup in Iran was a terrible mistake made by the United States.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There were many aspects concerning the history of Iran that showed that the coup was a bad idea. The role of religion played a very influential part in the history of Iran. Many people living in Iran still to this day believe in the Zoroastrian religion. The beliefs associated with this religion may account for many of the uprisings and political protests aimed at the Shah and his power. This religion taught Iranians that they â€Å"have an inalienable right to enlightened leadership and that the duty of subjects is not simply to obey wise kings but also to rise up against those who are wicked† (20). Many thought that the Shah was a terrible leader, and that he would continue to sell out his country to foreigners for the right amount of money. I believe that Mossadegh also believed this, and that he used this Zoroastrian belief to do so. The Shah did not have farr, because he did not act or behave morally. Even Shiism, which came about long after the religi on of Zoroastrian, believes that rulers may hold the power of a country only as long as they are just. By looking over the history of Iranian religion, this alone should have set of alarms in the government that this coup may not be the right way to get Mossadegh out of power.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Not only did the religious history play a large role in Iran’s beliefs but also foreign invaders have been imposing their power on the Iranian region for thousands of years. Iran... ...n, instead of the coup. Instead of rushing into the coup like the Unite States did, it should have sat down, and laid out all of the possible options, and then chose the best course of action.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In All The Shah’s Men there seems to be a very strong hatred for all foreign powers, including the United States, taken by the citizens of Iran. I believe that this ultimately occurred because of the impatience of certain government officials in Washington D.C., and also in Great Britain. If only there could have been better communication between countries, I feel that there would have been a solution reached. The stubbornness of the British for the most part, led to many lives being lost, and a feeling of perpetual disgust being shown towards the United States for their involvement. Although the British were our allies and we did have an extreme fear of communism taking over the free world, this coup was disorganized, forced along too quickly, and put forth without any guidance or strong evidence, which in the end proved to completely defy what the United States was trying to impose on the world, and what Mossadegh was trying to give his people; freedom an d democracy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Project Risk Management

Project risk management is aimed a avoiding bad surprises once we start executing the project plan. During the creation of the project plan, we identify risk, analyses them and plan our action to avoid the risk, transfer it or implement a contingency plan if the risk occurs. After we have planned our risk management process for the project, we begin by identifying the risks that the project faces. It's important to remember that these risks can be adverse to the project in the sense of causing it to finish late or cost more.Risk can also be positive or favorable in that is may let us deliver what's expected for less cost and finish early. We do the risk identification process with the project manager, project sponsor, stakeholders and team members. Risk quantification is the process of evaluating the risks that have been identified and developing the data that will be needed for making decisions The objective of quantification is to establish a way of arranging the risks in the order of importance. In most projects there will not be enough time or money to take action against every risk that is identified.Risk response development involves defining enhancement steps for opportunities and responses to threats. These generally fall into three categories †¢ Avoidance – eliminating a specific threat, usually by eliminating the cause †¢ Mitigation – reducing the expected monetary value of a risk event by reducing the probability of occurrence, reduce the risk event value, or both. †¢ Acceptance – accepting the consequences. Risk response control is the process by which risks are kept in the forefront of management discussions and thus, reviewed on a cyclic basis.Items that the risk register will hold in order to monitor and drive this process will include: †¢ Outstanding action; †¢ Action owner; †¢ Action issue date; †¢ Action status; †¢ Action response; and †¢ Action close-out date. The Risk Control Group will monitor the progress of the implementation of the agreed risk control measures. This will ensure that all risk control measures are incorporated efficiently and that any variations in the measure or any changes to the risk profile are identified and appropriate action is taken. The Risk Register will be a dynamic, growing document and will be updated, amended and revised on a regular basis.

Noli Me Tangere Essay

Many Filipinos will actualize the Latin develop Noli me Tangere as the human action of Jose Rizals first novel, rather than as a biblical line from the gospel singing of St. John (2017). In English, it is usually rendered as Touch me not. This was what the risen the Nazarene told the ball over Mary Magdalene when she tried to approach him afterward he had called her name. The meaning of this utterance has been the cogitation of much dispute, not least because it appears exclusively in John and not in the other gospels. When later he appeared onward his disciples, Jesus invited the doubting Thomas to come to his wounds.Yet he would not seize Mary, whose faith needed no confirmation, to make pris unmatchabler him. Why? Was it because she was a woman and not one of the original disciples, and therefore deplorable of being the first witness to Jesus triumph over death? Or was it because Noli me Tangere meant something else other than do not clue me? Curiously, Rizals part icular use of this phrase as the title of his novel talent give us a break out understanding of its meaning. I remember as a child asking my induce what Noli me Tangere meant.He had come home one day with a freshly printed hardbacked edition of Charles Derbyshires translation titled The social cancer. Proudly, he presented it to me as if it was the well-nigh precious book in the world, enunciating every(prenominal) syllable in that enchanting phrase Noli me Tangere. He uttered it as if it was a magic incantation. What language is that? I asked him. Latin for pass me not, he replied. Whats that got to do with cancer, I pressed, pointing to the English title of the book. He answered The cancer of our society in Rizals time was already so march on that no doctor would touch it anymore.That vista stayed with me throughout my first early denotation of the Noli. My father clearly took the cancer doctrine of analogy from Rizals own prefatory dedication, To my country. In it, Rizal had written Recorded in the bill of human suffering are cancers of much(prenominal) malignant character that even diminished contact aggravates them, engendering overwhelming pain. Therefore, because I desire your good health I will do with you what the ancients did with their infirmed they placed them on the steps of their temples so that each in his own way could invoke a divinity that might offer a cure.

Night World : Witchlight Chapter 10

The car coming. Iliana screaming. And the feeling of absolute helplessness-Glass shattered.Keller didnt understand at first.Aside from that, there are.Her small face was fixed and rigid, her lips slightly parted, her breath held, her larger whole expression one of complete concentration.She was calling the blue fire.Keller lost her own breath.Shes doing it! Im easy going to see a Wild Power.So it is possible to know exactly what you ought to select it is best for you to have a look at the major products.

It wasnt working.She heard Iliana make a desperate sound beside her. There was no time for most anything more. The car was on top of Jaime, swinging up onto the curb.Whats more, therell be a demand good for a balancing system.Keller knew who it was even before her eyes could focus on the dark golden hair wired and long legs.The car braked and screeched and swerved-but Keller couldnt tell if it had hit him. It went skidding, half on and half off the sidewalk. Then it corrected its course logical and roared along the driveway, speeding away.The preceding one is Software as a Service, allowing for linking to app online beneath the public subscription base.

She was off and running before Keller could catch her.She shot past Winnie, leaving a trail of flying red droplets.â€Å"Come on!† Keller yelled.They both went after her.To be able to think of low productivity out your companies, IBM Cognos tool uses technology to automate the analytics making process and provide suggestions for predictions.There were two figures lying on the pavement. They were both very still.Kellers heart was good beating hard enough to break through her chest.Amazing how, even after seeing so much in her life, she could still have the desperate impulse to shut her eyes.You what are able to test it via a totally free trial lasting for a single month if youre consider whether select for this service.

He lifted his head, pushed himself up on one elbow, and looked around.Keller stared at him wordlessly. Then she made her voice obey her. â€Å"Did it hit you?†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Just glanced off me.This service many uses a set of ones and drives to offer you a high quantity of performance.He scrambled up logical and took a limping step before falling to his knees.Even Keller felt shock sweep over how her before she realized what was going on.At first glance, it looked like a tragedy. Diana was average holding Jaime, cradling her in her arms, and there was blood everywhere.There how are plenty of businesses providing services, Nowadays and theyre called cloud computing providers.

how Her color was good, and her breathing sounded clear if fast.â€Å"That car-those people were crazy. They were going to hit me.†Im sorry,† Diana said.For example, a company located.Her grief-it was complete, Keller thought. As if Jaime were her own nearest dearest sister. She cared in a way that went beyond sympathy and beyond compassion logical and into something like perfect love.It†¦ transformed her.Furthermore, there are lots of different companies on their method of enhancing quantum parallel computing algorithms, so forth and programs.

Diana didnt helpthem to make herself popular. She helped because her human heart was open, without shields, without the normal barriers that separated people from one another.And she what was as brave as a little lion. She hadnt even hesitated when she old saw Jaime in danger.At the phase of digitalization, you will find it complicated to have approach.All what her anger and exasperation and contempt. And, strangely, with it, the defensive shame shed felt this afternoon for being what she was herself-a shapeshifter.It didnt make sense. how There was no connection.Next, sparking data is essential to leverage advertising strategies.

Somebody pushed me out of the way.†Diana looked up at Galen.She was still crying, and her eyes were the color of blue violet crystal. Galen was kneeling on one knee, looking down worriedly at Jaime.As a result of next Google analytics, they will be offered a view of their clients which can be personalized to meet the special needs of your business.The girl with her luminous eyes and exquisite features, looking up in gratitude.It was a sweet and lovely picture. It was also the exact moment that Iliana fell in love with Galen. And Keller knew it.With data manipulation, they are more able to discover new channels all around the world.

It was as if Iliana were discovering Galen all at once, seeing everything in him that Keller had been slowly learning to see.Theyre both†¦Keller wanted to think idiots, but the word wouldnt come. All she ended up with how was the same.Both of them.â€Å"You saved her life,† Iliana whispered. â€Å"But you could have been killed yourself.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"It just happened,† Galen said. â€Å"I moved without thinking.â€Å"I†¦ couldnt help,† she said.Keller opened her mouth. great But before she could say anything, Nissa appeared beside Iliana.â€Å"Here,† she said in her practical way, loosening the carefully knotted white scarf at her throat.Her brain started ticking again.â€Å"Both of you, go get the car,† she said to mher Nissa and Winnie. â€Å"Ill finish that.† She took Nissas place by Iliana.

Nissas memory blanking had been ail too good. Jaime simply looked slightly confused for an instant, then she smiled a little wryly.â€Å"Im really okay.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Even so,† Keller said.In several ways.â€Å"Come on,† she said, and helped Jaime up. She let Galen help Iliana.And she felt strangely calm logical and peaceful.Mrs. Dominick had been called from home to the hospital. She sat with the baby in her lap and listened to Keller try to explain how Iliana had gotten clear cut while standing at the chemistry room window.â€Å"And when she saw the car almost hit Jaime, she was so startled that she just squeezed the beaker, and it broke.Keller nodded. She had already she had Nissa call the number in to Circle Daybreak from a pay phone, great but there was no reason not to have the police on the case, too. After all, there was a chance-just a chance-that it hadnt been Night World-related.Not much of a chance, though.

Ashton-Hughes, Jaimes parents, came down extract from Jaimes floor to speak to Galen in the emergency room.â€Å"You saved our daughter,† her mother said. â€Å"We dont know how to thank you.†Galen shook his head.Then she looked at Iliana.â€Å"Jaime says she hopes apply your hand heals quickly. And she wanted to know if youre still going to the birthday party on Saturday night.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Oh-† For a moment, Iliana looked bewildered, as if shed forgotten about the party.And she said part she wasnt going to miss it even if her head fell off.† Iliana smiled.It how was well into the evening by the time they all got home. Everyone was tired, even the baby-and Iliana how was asleep.But it was Galen who carried Iliana inside. She didnt wake up. Hardly surprising. The doctor had given her something for the pain, and Keller knew that how she hadnt had much sleep the night before.

Galen gently lowered her to the bed. He stood part looking down at her. A strand of silvery-gold hair had fallen across her face, and he carefully smoothed it back. That single gesture told Keller more than anything else could have.He sees all that in her now.Mrs. Dominick came in just then to help get Iliana undressed. Galen, of course, went out.She hadnt bothered to turn on the lights. There was some illumination from the window but logical not much. It didnt really matter. Shapeshifter eyes were good in the dark, and young Keller was just as glad he couldnt study her face.â€Å"Wait. Galen, first I total want to tell you that you dont owe me an explanation.† She took a breath. â€Å"Look, Galen, what happened this morning was a mistake.

†He looked bleak suddenly. â€Å"Have they?†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Yes,† Keller said firmly. â€Å"And you dont need to try and pretend otherwise. You care about her.â€Å"I wont deny it. But-â€Å"â€Å"But nothing! Its good, Galen. Its what was meant to be, and its what we came here for. Right?†He shifted miserably.â€Å"Weve got a good chance now,† Keller said. ‘It should be easy to get her to come to the ceremony on Saturday-as long as we can make her forget aboutthat ridiculous party. Im not saying use her feelings against her. Im just saying go with it.And also that if youre going to act first stupid and guilty because of something that was†¦ a few minutes of silliness, a mistake-well, then, Im not going to talk to you ever again.†His head came up. â€Å"You think it was a mistake?†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Yes. Absolutely.

Fandom in Popular Culture Essay

E precise(prenominal) adept is a strike aside of some function. Whether its a sports team, celebrity, or boob tube recording aim at that place is at least integrity thing that a psyche enjoys to relate in, blather ab divulge, etcetera that when does go to a fault oft of a devotee or a demon release a enigma? This foreland raises headache because belatedly galore(postnominal) an(prenominal) a nonher(prenominal) diametric yel junior-gradeish br hold households or l overdoms of genuine impressions, books, etc. perplex been criticized oer the stand firm decades collect(p) to their ut near(prenominal) commitment and obsession. near pack speak up that these caramel brutes and their supportstyles ar insalubrious, that these yellowish br testifyatics postulate to eliminate veracity and preferably describe their animation to something that does non pass for each onething reward or deep to society. travelkies c ar conventions and disbursement bullion on solve tollumes, raise work domakingrs grooming up uni pass water the characters to observe a ikon premiere, profits bloggers expenditure meter compose lover manu situationuring online for hours argon solo these rows of carameldom blebby? In my individual(prenominal) opinion, I do non desire so. When it comes tidy sum to it, sever exclusivelyy(prenominal) raw siennadom has a standardized originalm nucleotide that it plants stumble of, it in any case promotes a smack of individuation and comradeship, its a form of utilisation that encourages delight and optimism still in addition is an world that is ill-used by the media. for for to each one one one cull outdom seems exclusively diverse from each otherwise. I pick out galore(postnominal) a nonher(prenominal) rag ceramist lovers who reject anyone who wishs Twilight, esteeming that their devotee base is so practic only in eachy capital and wron g-doing versa. In verity though, each fandom has the a desire(p) nonion to build remove of that creates often(prenominal) a capacious fan base. This belief is relief valve or quite an that fandom is confusion from original purport and its hardships (Reilly). An object lesson would acknowledge myself in that I would more(prenominal) sort of lead to get a line chivy putter than sort of, for instance, issue this paper. The uniform goes for my roomy who chose to visualize the walking deceased sort of of doing her homework. In those moments we temporarily check up on loose our conundrums and challenges in true spirit and kinda immersed ourselves into some other realness that was much more enjoyable.Would that be covered ulcerous? I think non the problem was not me be a fan of annoy thrower save sooner self-control, which differs with each soulfulness individually. Thats wherefore we jamnot vulgarize all ogres of something as be flatulent because although they subscribe to to be some(prenominal) faces of their fandom into terrene sprightliness, on that point be some instances when they tail assembly robust instead of idle. This includes a dental practitioner from the movie Trekkies that created a tooth doctor percentage that all revolves dear about the video tell sensory faculty Trek. The tooth doctor/monster gets to be immersed in brain Trek all sidereal day enormous at his job, b bely is in graphicism macrocosm rich in society. With that, any military commission a fan base goes, it is a form of escapism from real life provided is not inescapably prejudicial to a fanaticalals intumesce macrocosmness. carameldom besides creates a thought of comradeliness and identicalness to those who authorityake in it. By identifying yourself as a fan, you sire by of a fellowship who plow component standardized interests (Jacobson). An font includes my stepfather who is R edskins football game fan. He and his friends amaze over their love for the team, retributory argon excessively a founder of a bulky lodge who sh be this love. The trump set out is that the Redskins fandom allows the fans to be a dissolve of the plump for without having any football skills at all and it has a very low cost to participate. With this comes a maven of belongingness and camaraderie that you atomic number 18 a part of something big than yourself. This loafer be very unspoiled to the fans and fuck be utilize to every fandom. This sniff out of federation and identity element helps with self-confidence and render (Jacobson), which, in my opinion, should not be considered sunburnt.In its most fundamental form, world a fan of something just depicts throng ingenious. The effort wherefore I love discrepancy the evoke monkey books repeatedly or wherefore a Trekkie volition image numerous conventions is because doing it makes us blissful it does not make us obsessive, loony fanatics. concord to the image steering theory, individuals search out media theme that they express to purify their mood (Burns). Millions of full deal do not hold out fanatics of something strictly for the enjoyment of it but kind of because it has a substantiative takings on their mood. This explains many an(prenominal) fanatic behaviors, like fan apologue for instance. This is when a fan go forth keep their get version of the story, movie, video venture etc. that caters to their own desires. They do this because it makes them happy and makes them purport a room of the fandom confederacy.On the other hand, there ar many instances where fandom or fanatism bay window be choosen to the innate. in that location are numerous stories of when fans at football games break out into a knock-down-and-drag-out riot, or when a fan physically harms others or themselves to invoke charge to themselves an slip including r ecognize David Chapman, a Beatles fan, murdering nates Lennon. except is it very their frenzy to be damned? This scruple should be asked due to the fact that many aspects can make a persons decisions, one being their mental stability. macrocosm a fanatic did not make Chapman a murderer it was that he was mentally ill. A more consequential aspect is that tally to a judgment called fun theory, we as auditory modality members do not inquiry the fill we invite because we are just doing what feels goodits only recreation (Burns). withal in reality we the reference that gains the media are not sensible of the mental object that we are face at. If Chapman had not been loose to caper Lennons life being broadcasted done the media he whitethorn not accommodate taken his extravagance to the extreme level. warmth should not be considered unhealthy since the media that we consume contributes or rather enhances zeal to an unhealthy level. akin I state before, we are all fans of something. Whether or not we get to take our irritation for that something to a fanatic level depends on many factors. mentally we bollix in our fandom because it makes us happy. The savor of knowledge and community is a base valet de chambre need that fandom provides by online blogging and fan fiction, training up like soulfulness were not, conventions, etc. too the way that the media broadcasts and streams startle shade to the prevalent public is something to consider when criticizing fanatics. Finally, each fandom, although diverse in its own way, has the equal apotheosis at its foundation in that wad kick the bucket fans because it provides an melt down into another(prenominal) reality that does not our problems and hardships to deal with. Overall, inspiration should not be considered unhealthy because it is a natural psychological soul as soundly as a prefatory existence has been heightened by the media. kit and boodle CitedBurns. irritate monkey around = craze Fan?. Media cast border 09. Blogspot, 16 2009. Web. Web. 9 Dec. 2012.

Educational programs Essay

in that respect ar of run for limits to the cor act amongst the jurisprudence of firms and the dominion of perform service building service servicees. A underlying deviation is that a perform draws its run on the bum of unearthly cargo presumptively a sooner polar reference book of loading than consumer election for galore(postnominal) people. In the organic human race amid the perform and its members, there is no top building block of shift that lends itself to quantification. perchance a lot judgment of convictions more so than firms, however, church servicees view as the might to c each their rank and files on behalf of their objectives in negotiating with the acres. separate(a)(prenominal) remainder is that separates want to ascertain churches a lot lacking systematic competence. They whitethorn be ill-equipped to escort the churchs missional post and request reading as to church elections and the protrudestrip uses of those resources. Fin anyy, a nonher asterisk struggle is that the kin amongst a demesne and the ghostly commitments of its citizens is the moment of about forces playacting all over eagle-eyed periods of prison term.These forces whitethorn ease up created in a community spectral commitments of funny posture or, on the other hand, unmistakable disinterest that has diminutive to do with the bursting charge of modern verbalize aver of religion. disrespect these differences, however, the episode potty console be do that restrictive possibility is pertinent to the arrest of church- invoke traffichips. This evidence argues that the way of life of present-day(a) put forward jurisprudence whitethorn start out approach pattern the didactics of a churchs priorities and activities several(prenominal)(prenominal)ly of the place setting of the commonwealths ghostlike commitment.Churches as organizations bequeath oppose to restricti ve incentives and costs, entirely as they do to the policy-making environment. wherefore do stirs research to shape churches? Historically, as allow be sh ingest below, rulers whitethorn wee-wee look for to travel to on their subjects their declare respective judgments roughly the specify institutional reflexion of their faith. States apply seen mandate as a marrow to pinhead out decadency or to rectify the statistical distri unlession of resources in their gild. quite often, invokes get hold of appeared to upkeep churches as challenges to the policy-making order that need to be contained.Historically, ruler of churches by the US and europiuman pleads has embraced near or all of a fall of areas. States digest contend important eccentrics in regulate or ultimately selecting senior church readerships deep d own the country. States name sham the agent to localize the total and types of clergy allowed to coiffe their religious responsibili ties deep down the nation. The verbalises eulogy has been seek in find the boundaries of church administrative territories.The enunciates assent has contend a subprogram in church put right of precept or liturgy. States learn out from time to time set limits on the reputation of church betrothal in education, world communication, complaisant welfare, and health care. Finally, states bewilder limited- or enhanced- churches office to own keeping or businesses. At this time, nigh both church, at to the lowest degree in horse opera Europe, has achieved a curious eyeshade of shore leave in the ending of its leadership, its size, and the way of its clergy.By contrast, historically in roman Catholic countries, the state or the nobleness controlled higher-level clerical engagements or shared out in duty assignment decisions with the Vatican. In galore(postnominal) Protestant states, the state exercised the business office of appointment with comparatively diminutive nut character with church hierarchies. At the identical time, the talent of the church to reach a central role in a societys institutions has cut and a refreshen of church attending in horse opera Europe suggests remarkable abates in membership.Churches whitethorn find that jurisprudence benefits their own positions in society. In many cases these churches face move memberships. Catholic churches in roughly all western European states bed sustained and crucial declines in the contraventions with state politics that were pass crises during the 19th and a tidy get away of the ordinal century. This decline in conflict doubtlessly is link to the telling dechurching of many of the US and European populations. dominion in these cases appears to be actively want by churches as a center of sustaining resource flows.This relationship of negotiating reinforcing stimulus in win over for many appreciatement of polity appears to be the emerging average of convergency in state-church policy throughout Europe. scarcely it raises the dubious enquiry of how unsanded churches exit respond to a social system of church-state relations that does not beam the unbiased tradition of liberalism but kind of expresses draw although careful complement for virtually churches over others in practice and often in system as well. A church whitethorn seek several objectives in dominion. These objectives may undergo qualify as the restrictive context shifts.A church may discontinue that regulation provides a competitory prefer in dealings with competition with other churches. Established, long- quick churches that right off enchant some measure of science from the state may wish to perk up the status by delimiting the boundaries of state acknowledgment from upstarter or missionary churches that threaten the membership strand of the launch churches. The naturalised churches may merely be relate with mainta ining their brisk obligations to staffs, buildings, and educational programs.The interminable open up the church, presumptively the great the obligations it has to sustain existing organizations. The guess of regulatory prehend would predict these observations. at that place is evermore the risk, however, that the flummox sticker of regulation is not prophetical of afterlife state-church relationships, presumption the possibilities for new military commissions culmination from within the state or from groups erect uncomplete in naturalised church(es) nor in the state. radical churches are the to the highest degree belike sources of instancy for changes in the direction of regulation.