Engineering Technology and Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Engineering Technology and Society - Essay Example In these days, container designs for medications are a result of two disciplines: graphics and engineering, combined together to create better solutions for medication efficacy while these are kept. Innovations include contours with bump outs for easy patient grip when opening these containers, or removable rings for colour code prescriptions (Hafferty, 2010). Or, added ease with pliable ergonomic stoppers apart from utilisation considerations to protect product quality during shipment and in storage. Functionality involves structure, user friendliness in the simple dispensing of a dosage without need for assistance (Butchli, 2010); specialized packaging to unit-dose (Weeren et al 2002), labelling regulatory texts and standard brand imagery (Butchli, 2010). Given the broadness of available technologies, pharmaceutical containers sit a critical concern because efficacy directly affects health, impacts on brand differentiation and competitor edge. Containers protect against environmental factors as moisture, light or oxygen in the delivery of NDSS (Novel Drug Delivery Systems or medications described as oral, nasal, pulmonary, transdermal or needle free). The Institute for International Research has carried out several presentations on the relevance of a combined approach of scientific and business sense, and a marked cooperation between graphics and engineering to reach stability and shelf life (Weeren et al 2002). Resistance to various physical or chemical reactions and contamination is the aspect of a drug known as stability. Typically, it is assumed that medications kept in closed containers remain unchanged within its shelf life. The rate of change or degradation is expressed in terms of, drug A which degrades by hydrolysis to degradant B thus A + H2O B Or reduction in the concentration of A with time is the same as the rate constant of the

Discuss the character of Banquo and his role in Macbeth Essay Example for Free

Discuss the character of Banquo and his role in Macbeth Essay Banquo was one of Duncans brave generals. He was a man of honour and integrity. He held the same rank as Macbeth and they were very closely linked characters. They were courageous and loyal warriors. They both witnessed the Witches prophesies and their future successes were foretold throughout the play. Banquo had a generous spirit and a rational view of the world and had the attributes required by a good King, however, Banquo was an ambiguous character, in that he was sceptical of Macbeths manner following their encounter with the Witches. Macbeths beliefs worried Banquo, as he was a good man and he believed deeply in upholding Gods rule of order. Banquo sensed that the Witches prophesies prompted new reactions in Macbeth further encouraging his ambitions towards kingship. Banquos first encounter with the Witches was quite unbelievable to him and he remarked to Macbeth, What are these, So withered, and so wild in their attire, That look not like thinhabitants oth earth, And yet are on,t? , Banquos words describe Macbeths startled and uneasy reaction to the Witches prophesies, touching moral confusion in Macbeth by saying to him, Good sir, why do you start, and seem to fear Things that do not sound so fair? The half rhyme fear and fair echoes the Witches previous fair and foul. Although Banquo was not afraid of the Witches, he still wanted them to speak to him but at the same time he wished to remain detached from them. He addressed the Witches, saying, Speak to me, who neither beg, nor fear Your favours nor your hate. The Witches in turn replied, Thou shalt get Kings, though thou be none. The Witches directed most of their prophesies towards Macbeth and Banquo noticed how lost in thought his companion was because of this experience and remarked, Look how our partners rapt. When the Witches vanished, Banquo and Macbeth were astounded, wondering if what they had just witnessed was indeed real or just fantasy. When Banquo heard that Macbeth was to become Thane of Cawdor, in contrast to Macbeths excitement, he showed wariness and sensed that the Witches words might be deceitful by telling Macbeth, And oftentimes, to win us to our harm, The instruments of darkness tell us truths, Win us with honest trifles, to betrays In deepest consequence. Banquo is clear-sighted in his summary of the way of temptation. However, resisting the prophecies was a struggle, even for Banquo. He said to his son Fleance, Merciful powers, Restrain in me the cursed thoughts that nature Gives way to in repose! Banquo was clearly disturbed by all the strange events that had taken place. He was afraid to sleep and the Witches words returned to him in his dreams when he did so. After King Duncan was murdered, Banquo became very suspicious of Macbeth and was becoming concerned about his destiny. He spoke of this to the Kings son Malcolm, In the great hand of God I stand, and thence Against the undivulged pretence I fight Of treasonous malice. However, I criticize Banquo because of his passivity when he says, soon afterwards, Thou hast it all now, King, Cawdor, Glamis, all As the weird women promised, and I fear Thou playdst most foully fort: It was obvious that Banquo suspected Macbeths involvement in Duncans death, yet he took no steps against Macbeth. I suspect this was because Banquo had ambition too, like Macbeth when he says, May they not be my oracles as well, And set me up in hope? But hush, no more. Macbeths prophecy had come true, so he hoped, perhaps it would all happen for him and he would father a line of Kings. Banquos inaction and suspicions of Macbeth attracted Macbeths attention as his soliloquy in Act 3 denotes, Our fears in Banquo Stick deep, and in his royalty of nature Reigns that which would be feared. Then at the end of his soliloquy he really expresses his innermost thoughts by saying, Only for them, and mine eternal jewel Given to the common enemy of man, To make them Kings, the seed of Banquo Kings! This showed that he was determined that no- one would interfere with his kingship. Macbeth saw Banquo as simply too strong and honourable a rival to be left alive. Here again, we see that Macbeth and Banquo were closely linked. They were both tragic and doomed with flaws within themselves. Macbeth became obsessed by irrational passions, then anger and fear took hold, resulting in Macbeth having Banquo murdered. Macbeth held a banquet to celebrate his kingship which Banquo had agreed to attend as chief guest. He was indeed chief guest, but only visible to Macbeth as a ghost, taunting him, driving him insane with guilt. Macbeth felt this ghost was real, but it was only an extension of the evil in Macbeths troubled mind. This hysterical reaction in Macbeths vision aroused the suspicions of the lords attending. All this behaviour exhibited Macbeth as totally deranged, however, it was Banquo who finally exposed Macbeths deceptiveness by appearing to him as an avenging angel and deeply highlighting Macbeths guilt. There were contrasts in Banquos character. He was honourable to the King, yet, he was pathetic, unable to act when his suspicions of Macbeths evil were obvious. There is also evidence of contrast between Macbeth and Banquo in Act 2. I, when neither of them can sleep. Banquo was tormented by the Witches predictions and Macbeth was driven by them. Banquo really wanted what the Witches predicted, but at the same time he wanted to keep a clear conscience. He also observed how Macbeth changed from a loyal warrior into a self-seeking tyrant, but with everything happening so hastily he might not have had the time to act upon his suspicions and maybe he thought about the fact that his suspicions may have been wrong. Banquo clearly displays signs of ambiguity throughout the play.

Understanding The Ethical Organization Management Models Commerce Essay

Understanding The Ethical Organization Management Models Commerce Essay This report mainly focuses on developing an ethical approach to manage organizations. This essay critically identifies and evaluate about ethics and how ethics helps an organization to take good decisions. This report is prepared by referring to various journals, management books, websites and relevant current articles. Ethics is very important for an organization. This essay will give an idea about what is ethics? And what is unethical? Ethics helps to identify an organization by differentiating from each other. This report mainly relies on discussing about theories, models and paradigms and more concentrating on radical humanist paradigm. The purpose of this assignment is to provide base for understanding ethical decision making in an organization and providing one real world example managing organization ethically and three real world examples for the organizations disaster by managing the organization unethically. In this report we critically analysis on business ethical decision making by an individual or group of working people in the organization. Our report focus on individual moral, honesty, frankness and fairness while taking business decision in an organization. Our approach would be by understanding the organizational values and working people ethical training program is necessary for preventing them from engraining any unethical conduct. Ethics Ethics in an organization means the business conduct of that organization to run the business more effectively and efficiently. In an organization people are working together with different values and motives. Managing the business ethics of an organization more effectively needs to setup common norms and standard and also it need to be communicated and enforced among the working people. Ethical principle provides the base for modern business concept in an organization. The leadership of the organization and the ethical decision-making are the basic for an ethical organization. Ethical values and principles of an organization guide the working people and corporate from the common business motive of profit and shareholders enhancement. The modern ethical organization follows corporate social responsibility, fair trade, sustainability, globalization taking into consideration ifs negative effects. Ethical organization management model The modern ethical management of an organization in the 21st century illustrate by four Ps as explain as follows for the success for any modern business ventures. (Refer appendix 3) Traditionally the organization main aim is to make profit and methods for achieving it. The modern organization performance, activities and standards are exposed globally and the lenders of the organization are accountable globally. Purpose of the organization Purpose of the organization is to making fair profit for the shareholders and in case of public service delivery of cost effective service. Personality of a good ethical organization has to consider people needs and mindset with proper consideration given to the world it operates. People to whom the organization operate People comprise the organization staffs, customers, suppliers, local communities, stakeholders who has interest in the organization. Planet where the organization operate Organization should give due consideration for environment, neural recourses, fair-trade and sustainability. Principles of the organization Principle of the organization comprises honesty, truth, and integrity. Principles of the organization has to be matched with other conflicting aims in between purpose of the organization, people to whom it operates and the planet where the organization operate in order to have sustainable organization success. Need to manage the organization ethically In the modern environment organization ethics should be actively manage and it is necessary to understand the main ethical value through an organization ethic program. There are five components in organization management ethic program. Commitment -Leaders and senior management should have commitment to the program. Assessment -There should be active assessment of organization ethical value and effectiveness. Codify -Develop a code of ethics and communicate with each other, Formalize -Formulate ethical structures and systems, ethics training and ethics communication Integrate -Build an ethical culture and conduct in the organization. Need to develop ethical leadership in an organization In the modern world ethics and values are in front of executives, managers and leaders who spend much of their time for developing organizational culture. The leadership of the organization should take responsibility and carryout the business in accordance to the management ethics program. The ethical leadership should take steps the senior management and executives including board of directors to follow and respect organization values. Carryout organization ethics program to achieve ethic program goals. Appointing senior person to coordinate the program and determine the ethics function which needs initiative. Unethical policies, activities and behaviors in an organization The following organization activities are not necessarily unlawful which are commonly considered as unethical. Dishonesty, manipulating the facts and hiding information. Manipulating and misleading advertisement, positioning and communications Exploiting peoples feeling. Fooling and taking advantage of people weakness Greed and making excessive profit Anything harming or endangering people Breaking trust of the organization Not accepting the blame and paying lot of amounts for the wrong doing Preventing to notify people any significant changes Lack of transparency Harming environment or earth Preventable waste or excessive consumption Raiding anyones privacy Misusing authority, power and reputation. More preference giving in appointing family members Preferential treatment or decision-making based on secret motive or deals Unfriendliness association with people or group of people Conflict of interest, disloyalty of trust and breach of confidentiality information Neglecting the duty of care of an organization Fail to prevent wrong report within his authority Unfairness and unkindness Marketing ethic issues and stakeholders The organization activities are affected directly or indirectly by the internal and external stakeholders. Internal stakeholders are includes board of directors, managers, employees, and other functional departments. External stakeholders include consumers, other interest groups, competitors, advertising agencies and regulatory bodies. (Miller and Lewis, 1991). Stakeholders ethical values are subject to various business issues such as sales practices, consumers privileges, environmental and product safety, disclosure of information about the products. (Maignan and Ferrell 2004) Various stakeholders are possibly exercise pressure on organization to achieve their individual ethical values and norms.(Annexure 1) Hence the organization values and norms are affected by specially by primary stakeholders since they are in good position to influence the organization ethical values. Paradigm. In the modern business environment strategy-setting in the business organization is vital for its survival. The organization should consider crucial roll in the organization by setting ethical strategy. The organization has to take into note whether the organization is doing the right thing. In order implement ethical strategy for an organization we should bring different paradigm into the risk debate. Functionalist paradigm This paradigm has been the primary one for organizational studies. This approach is mainly rely on human affairs and believes by hypothesis testing. It deeply rooted in sociological factors. Through Functionalist paradigm can understand and measure via science. It is influence by idealist and Marxist and assumes there are external rules and regulations to secure the external world. (Ardalan, 2003,p.202) This functionalist paradigm basically explain about classical management theory, sysytem theory and contigency theory.it makes assumption how organisation is always in control mange people in a proper way.(morgan,2006:morgan,1980) Radical Humanism a crucial approach for a ethical organization This approach has been emerged from the radical humanist paradigm (Morgan 1995,Burrell 2000) This approach argues dehumanization of the employee and the workplace. Individuals generally seen as machines and work as a technical process (Robbins and Barnwell 2006 pp 21-22) In the humanist approach that focus on placing human first rather than the organization. The basic assumptions of this paradigm are according to Morgan (1995), †¢ Ideological traps: Tunnel vision is based on our previous experience becoming the blueprint for interpreting our current experience (we often let myths and our past experience becomes our reality). We are unable to interpret reality without prejudice. †¢ Power dimension: The right to define reality or the right of some to have power over others overt use of power. Power is also used in a subtle or covert way (soft domination) and its use and abuse is often unquestioned. Eg. How is power distributed in organisations? We discuss empowerment and participation but we rarely see this happening in organisations. †¢ Ethical dimension: Organisations need to act in an ethical manner. How do the actions of managers and organisations impact on employees and society? †¢ People first Work is the problem Organizational ethical decision making In organization marketing ethical activities we should understand how people make ethical decisions. (Refer appendix 3) explains how the ethical decisions are taken in the normal organizational environment. The outcome of the decisions is evaluated by the internal and external stakeholders. The roll of the individual and values has the great impact on any business decision making. Determining ethical decision is the primary factor in an organization (Ferrell 2005) Ethical decision making Ryanair The current CEO Mr.Michael OLeary took the ethical business decision to operate the Ryanair airline as budget airline business model in the European market. It was very success taking such decision in the past and now most successful airline in the European market and most of the airline travelers prefer to travel by Ryanair. The following are the benefit by taking such decision Low cost-low frills concept 94% of the booking through Internet reduced operating cost All Boeing 737-800 aircraft reduce training and maintenance cost Environmentally friendly Boeing 737-800 aircraft Customer satisfaction Low cost and high service performance Unethical decision making Enron, Daewoo, Toyota Many cooperate failures over the past decade are due to fraud and financial manipulation. Enron: The Enron disaster is exhalent example for organizational unethical decision making. On May 25, 2006 US Huston jury found guilty the Enron CEO Mr Ken Lay and Mr Jeff Skilling for hiding financial status of the organization in 2000 and 2001 The group executives manipulate their earnings by illegal inside trading went on to liquidation. Due to the organization failure many investors lost their money and many employees lost their job. The group failed due to unethical and illegal business decision. Daewoo: Kim Woo Choong founder of Daewoo Group found guilty and convicted 10 years in prison and forfeited US $ 22 billion. after the business failure in South Korea. The group has grown with debt-funded acquisitions. The Asian financial crisis exposed the group weakness and the total group went into bankruptcy in 1999. The following are some of the points for the failure of the organization by operating unethically. Dishonesty and manipulating the facts and hiding information. Manipulating and misleading the investors Breaking the trust of the organization Lack of transparency Misusing the authority and power Neglecting duty of care of the organization Unfairness towards investors and employees Fail to prevent wrong report within his authority The ethical problem to operate the business organization is not only due to financial misinterpretation and manipulation. Toyotas recent troubles have been an example of a companys failure to understand the ethics of the customer relationship. Turning a blind eye to ethical consideration can undermine the wider economy and in time, cause irreparable damage. Toyota: The organization recall millions of vetches sold to customers with suspected defects as on the specific engineering problem on the breaking systems. The following are the some of the examples that the organizations ethical responsibility failure. Breaking the trust of the organization Neglecting duty of care of the organization Anything harming or endangering customers Unfairness towards customers and investors . Conclusion In modern organization ethics play a major role in taking effective decision making. Because for the success of an organization mainly rely on ethics. This report mainly focuses on theories, models and paradigms which helped to a proper decision in an organization. In this report I explained about functionalist paradigm and radical humanist paradigm. Functionalist focus only on organizational behavior through hypothesis testing but radical humanist paradigm explained about the current approach of an organization and their impact on society. According to paradigms which are not an easy task it heavily teaches about ethics to the people. In this report I explained about ethical approach and how it controls in making an effective decision making in an organization and describing about what are the unethical approaches which rely on taking ineffective decision making. At last, to conclude my report, I would say organizations have started to focus on ethics. However, they did not lose the focus on organizational structure. Also there are many differences between paradigms in managing ethics.

Class and Culture Essays -- Sociology

Introduction In various societies across the globe, culture is normally seen as an enabling or limiting factor for social, political and economic progression. Through this understanding it has been established that there is a strong relationship between class and culture. This relationship has been previously investigated by researchers such as Pierre Bourdieu who identified that class affects culture and consequently, culture affects ones life chances, income and other economic parameters (Lane 2000, p. 1). Many other researchers have often voiced their concerns over the increased gap between the rich and the poor (worldwide) and expressed their concern over the fact that the world has failed to acknowledge the role of culture in widening this gap (Fieschi 2011, p. 1). The relationship between class and culture is of a vertical nature and it has been evidenced all over the world that the culture of the highest class is the most distinguished culture (Christie 2001, p. 201). This observation is true because the culture of the highest classes is often deemed to be superior to the culture of the lowest classes. More importantly, it is essential to understand that the culture of the highest classes also stands out because the ruling class normally comes from the highest classes and so they exert their influence over other classes. From this reinforced relationship between class and culture, many philosophers have come up with a new insight purporting that culture in its true essence maintains class domination and therefore there is no strongly distinguishable difference in the way culture and economics relate, and how economic capital works (Fieschi 2011, p. 1). However, this debate is not only one-sided because in recent decad... ...ged that university education is one of the widest platform through which high culture spreads. This is true because frankly, all elements of high culture are taught in university through various arts, linguistic, business and affiliated courses. This is a new development because in previous centuries, elements of high culture (probably with the exception of classics) were not included in the education system. This fact therefore exposes the increasingly dominant nature of the high culture in the society. To further affirm this view, it is essential to identify the increased uptake of liberal arts courses in university which essentially promotes concepts of the high culture, while generally shunning elements of the low culture. This is however not evidently seen because most universities have dropped the use of the term â€Å"high culture† but still teach its elements.

Causes of current recession Essay

The America’s economy has been booming, all along before the recession, many questioned has been raised by the experts some even suggesting that, free marketplace as well as free ventures might take the effects wherever the law had unfavourable implications. The recession was first visualized when, the sub-leading mortgagees went ahead to evade on their payments since either they had no enough cash most likely for the reason that the interest rates went up or else they were at a risk of begin given a loan to start business with otherwise they choose a appalling loan whose rate was not fixed (Rigby 3). Each economist suppose that recessions are economic issues that cannot be evaded, they can only be managed to control there level of occurrences (Baveja et al 1). This is because, there are periods of high growth in a healthy economy as well as slow growth and some times no growth. The truth is that, some contracting and expanding has to occur for the economy to be healthy. However, for an economy to be considered in a recession the period for contracting is required to last for at least for two quarters consecutively in a year or a half a year. It is difficult for many people to predict the possibility of occurrence of the next recession. The exact causes of economic recession tend to be a mystery to many people but there are a number of mysteries that give information concerning the causes of economic recession. Some people tend to think that recession is brought by events that are deemed to have a great economic impact in the economy. Some of these events would involve the increase in interest rates or a decline in the confidence of a consumer.   Generally, recession is primarily seen to occur due to the actions that are taken when controlling the supply of money in the economy (Stephen et al 3). The above believe comes with different views from different people, for example, many economists in the United States have believed that economic recession is caused by Federal Reserve. This is because; it is the responsibility of the Federal Reserve to take charge in maintaining an ideal balance between money supply, interest rates and inflation in the United States. Rigby (3) advocates that failure of the Federal Reserve to maintain balance in the above areas it will result to the economy losing control. This is a case that has happened recently in the year 2007. During this year, the Federal Reserve Monetary policy that was used to bring in large amounts of money supply into the market, kept the interest rates below the expected rates but the rising of inflation continued to rise drastically. This problem came together with easy methods of borrowing money that could lead to the crisis of the economy until last year. Most of the economists have believed that America is already in recession and others that the country is heading towards a recession. However, people believe that each recession has its own cause while others believe that recession has only based on one ground. For example, bad investments by business are a single cause of recession in the country. In addition, recessions and depressions such as that of the great Depression are said to be caused by stock market crashes. A sharp increase in oil prices or even going to war are factors that inhibit short term growth in the economy (Harmesh et al 16). It is evident that globalization has changed the nature of business cycle. However, regardless of which theory one would believe in there is no definite answers to the causes of a recession. There is little evidence that recession is brought up by a number of factors. This means that there are many events that take place that result to recession. An example for numerous factor theories is the recession that had taken place after the prices of oil increased dramatically in the 1970’s (Stephen et al 3). This helps in setting off a recession since the prices set off a big economy decline in oil demand. This was because real income had been reduced due to higher costs of the imports of oil. In addition, there was more tight monetary policy that dampened the inflationary pressures which came after the increase of prices. These factors brought down the overall demand that in turn led to a recession. Currently, in America, banks are scared of giving loans to customers. The reason for this is that, the banks are terrified that giving out loans will lead to loosing the money and defaulting if loans. There is the existence of credit crunch that has caused money to be real tight and this is making many banks such as the Lehman brothers to go bankrupt. Another bank known as Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac were bailout for the purpose of keeping it from standing bottom. This has led to the current loss of money by the stock market because of the major credit crunch that is making investors nervous that a major recession is on the way. A recession is considered to be the goods and services that are down from the previous two quarters or more (Baveja et al 1). The recession being experienced in America has to the number of taxpayers buying out all the dead mortgages to approximate 700 billion. This is a sign that the banks will start once more lending money freely to people. However, currently loans are still given out although at a much higher rate. According to Rigby (6) in order to make more money available and flow freely, central banks across the whole world are cutting the rates if giving loans. To add on this, the effect of crisis in many industries is great due to the consideration of banks as the major capitalist society. This leads to difficult to loan money since it becomes increasingly tight in the borrowing market. Hence less homes are bought as well as cars and even small businesses are affected in the sense that they cannot do payroll. Small businesses spend a lot of time in taking temporary small loans until they are paid for the product or service. In early 2000, there existed a deregulation that caught up greedy banks and the ways in which they were handling out credit and loans to people who cannot afford them hence leading to financial meltdown. The rise of inflation rates that creped very fast led to difficulties for people in paying back loans and credit hence creating a slow meltdown effect. America is considered to be the largest world’s economy and its economy has been seen to be weak and it’s drifting as a result of a collapse of the housing market. There is also the problem of sub prime mortgage turmoil, a severe credit crunch, high oil prices and the deep devaluation of the dollar (Baveja et al 1). Possible solutions in eradicating economic recession People can be disappointed in the fact that there is no cure for economic recession. However, some people argue that fiscal and monetary stimulus should shorten the downturn but patience is needed for it to happen. There is need for changing the legal framework governing the various aspects of economy. It is important for people in the country to be well versed with corporation and banking as well as economics to enhance education among people affected by the results of recession. Learning on the above areas makes people more educated, smart and qualified to deal with economic recession (Stephen et al 3). Recently during the Obama week, there was the introduction of the rescue gains team. In this team there are seven people known as the fixers who are in charge of rescuing the economy. In order to rescue, the teams takes into consideration various issues. During the tenth week of Obama administration, the treasury secretary Tim Geithner unveiled the next phase of the bank bailout (Baveja et al 1). A plan for overhauling regulation of the financial system was outlined by the government. The administration effort is determined to produce economic conditions that are stable. This has helped in improving the sentiment on Wall Street where stocks posted gains for the week. In Capitol Hill, the committees involved in the house and the senate largely supported the Obama plan for 2010 with positive caution. It has been a long debate in the American country to take issues concerning the solution to economic recession. The administration is also concerned with the prevention of future meltdowns through increasing the supervision of the financial markets and prevention of companies from growing too big posing the possibility of failing. The need for investing highly in health care, education and energy was also one of the long term agendas mentioned by the president for the purpose of fighting economic recession in the country The issue of drawing a budget proposal that cannot be separated from the broader themes of economic recovery and future growth was addressed. This budget is referred as laying foundation for a secure and lasting prosperity for economy. My opinion on the best way of dealing with economic recession There is need for changing the legal framework governing the various aspects of economy. It is important for people in the country to be well versed with corporation and banking as well as economics to enhance education among people affected by the results of recession. Learning on the above areas makes people more educated, smart and qualified to deal with economic recession (Harmesh et al 16). Work cited. Baveja Sign Sarabijr, Ellis Steve, Rigby K. Darrell, â€Å"Taking advantage in a down turn,† 2002, 1. â€Å"Havard management update,† leadership & managing, 2001, 8-12. Hamermesh G. Richard, & Dann B. Jeremy, â€Å"STT Aerospace,† 1998, 10-20. Stephen C. Michael, Pearce A. John, â€Å"strategies to prevent economic recessions from causing business failure†, 2006, 1-9. Rigby K. Darrell, â€Å"Moving upward in a down turn,† strategy and execution, 2001, 1-8.

Abstract Nouns from Adjectives

Abstract Nouns from Adjectives Abstract Nouns from Adjectives Abstract Nouns from Adjectives By Maeve Maddox Abstract nouns may be formed from adjectives by adding the suffix -ness: happy/ happiness, sad/sadness, kind/kindness, cheerful/cheerfulness. However, a large group of adjectives have distinct nouns that do not require a formation with -ness or any other suffix. A common stylistic fault is to add the -ness ending to adjectives that already have corresponding noun forms. For example, the adjective humble has the corresponding noun humility, but many English speakers don’t seem to be aware of it and write â€Å"humbleness† instead. Here are a few examples from the web that illustrate the unnecessary use of –ness to form abstract nouns: I admire his courageousness on choosing a role that was really hard to portray She believed that pride and lack of humbleness was against the teaching of the Bible. Politicians Need More  Humbleness A real story made me to realize that i have hidden my braveness so many days inside me. This emphasis on responsibleness is reflected in the categorical imperative of logotherapy Developing Moral Responsibleness Through Professional Education (title of book written by a professor of educational psychology) Hey guys she said coyly, using the maximum of her sexiness and intelligentness. I wondered at my luckiness Here are several additional adjective/abstract noun pairs that seem to have escaped the notice of many journalists and bloggers: angry/anger anxious/anxiety beautiful/beauty brave/bravery chaotic/chaos compassionate/compassion courageous/ courage  Ã‚  Ã‚   curious/curiosity deceitful/deceit evil/evil generous/generosity humorous/humor imaginative/imagination intelligent/intelligence jealous/jealousy joyful/joy loyal/loyalty lucky/luck luxurious/luxury mature/maturity opinionated/opinion painful/pain peculiar/peculiarity responsible/responsibility romantic/romance sane/sanity sensitive/sensitivity sorrowful/sorrow strong/strength stupid/stupidity successful/success sympathetic/sympathy tolerant/tolerance warm/warmth wise/wisdom witty/wit Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Apply to, Apply for, and Apply withIn Search of a 4-Dot EllipsisGrammatical Case in English

Free Essays on Questionnaire Design

1 – Introduction 1.1 For this assignment the service that has been investigated is the Southampton Institute Library. The aim of the study is to highlight any existing or potential problems the computer workstations on the 3rd floor of the library may have. 1.2 The purpose of this report is to explain the type information that is needed and the ways in which the necessary data can be obtained. It will also describe the chosen survey method that was used to gain the required data, why this method was chosen and how it was put into action. 1.3 This report will write up and finish the research as stated by Martyn Denscombe 2003 â€Å"the process of research is not complete until findings have been written up†. 2 – Main Body 2.1 One of the most common methods of surveying people’s thoughts and opinions is by using questionnaires. Business rely heavily on survey results, to aid them identify what their customers and clients want, so large amounts of money are invested into the design of them, helping to ensure the businesses receive useful feedback. Because questionnaires are such an effective method of recording information, it will be the method used to collect relevant information for this report. Before the questionnaire can be designed and implemented, the goals (what you want to learn) have to be established. 2.2 The goal of this report is to identify thoughts and opinions, relating to the information technology aspect of Southampton Institute’s library. More specifically, focusing on the computer work area (located on the third floor) and the availability of computer workstations. As the goal of the questionnaire has been acknowledged, a sample or target population has to be determined. The sample that is chosen has to be relevant to the goal of the survey, so that useful information can be gathered. In the case of this report, the sample will be students, studying at Southampton ... Free Essays on Questionnaire Design Free Essays on Questionnaire Design 1 – Introduction 1.1 For this assignment the service that has been investigated is the Southampton Institute Library. The aim of the study is to highlight any existing or potential problems the computer workstations on the 3rd floor of the library may have. 1.2 The purpose of this report is to explain the type information that is needed and the ways in which the necessary data can be obtained. It will also describe the chosen survey method that was used to gain the required data, why this method was chosen and how it was put into action. 1.3 This report will write up and finish the research as stated by Martyn Denscombe 2003 â€Å"the process of research is not complete until findings have been written up†. 2 – Main Body 2.1 One of the most common methods of surveying people’s thoughts and opinions is by using questionnaires. Business rely heavily on survey results, to aid them identify what their customers and clients want, so large amounts of money are invested into the design of them, helping to ensure the businesses receive useful feedback. Because questionnaires are such an effective method of recording information, it will be the method used to collect relevant information for this report. Before the questionnaire can be designed and implemented, the goals (what you want to learn) have to be established. 2.2 The goal of this report is to identify thoughts and opinions, relating to the information technology aspect of Southampton Institute’s library. More specifically, focusing on the computer work area (located on the third floor) and the availability of computer workstations. As the goal of the questionnaire has been acknowledged, a sample or target population has to be determined. The sample that is chosen has to be relevant to the goal of the survey, so that useful information can be gathered. In the case of this report, the sample will be students, studying at Southampton ...

10 Varieties of Linguistic Siamese Twins

10 Varieties of Linguistic Siamese Twins 10 Varieties of Linguistic Siamese Twins 10 Varieties of Linguistic Siamese Twins By Mark Nichol One of the most intriguing aspects of idiomatic phrases is their fixed nature, an aspect acknowledged in two terms for the class of idioms distinguished by the use of the conjunction and or the conjunction or between the constituent words: irreversible binomials and freezes. (They are also referred to as binomials or binomial pairs, or are identified by the colloquial expression â€Å"Siamese twins.†) Ten sometimes overlapping variations of linguistic Siamese twins (which, because they are often clichà ©s, should be used with caution) follow, including a category for triplets: 1. Binomials connected with and include â€Å"alive and well,† â€Å"nuts and bolts,† and â€Å"skin and bone.† 2. Binomials connected with or include â€Å"give or take,† â€Å"more or less,† and â€Å"win or lose.† 3. Binomials connected with other words include â€Å"dawn till dusk,† â€Å"front to back,† â€Å"head over heels.† 4. Binomials that contain opposites or antonyms include â€Å"days and nights,† â€Å"high or low,† and â€Å"up and down.† 5. Binomials that contain related words or synonyms include â€Å"house and home,† â€Å"leaps and bounds,† and â€Å"prim and proper.† 6. Binomials that contain alliteration include â€Å"friend or foe,† â€Å"rant and rave,† and â€Å"tried and true.† 7. Binomials that contain numbers include â€Å"four or five† note that the linguistic convention is to always state the lower number first (a figurative idiom is this category is â€Å"at sixes and sevens,† meaning â€Å"in a confused state†) 8. Binomials that contain similar-sounding words: â€Å"doom and gloom,† â€Å"out and about,† and â€Å"wear and tear.† This category includes rhyming slang, in which a word or phrase is slang code for a word that rhymes with the second binomial term in the phrase (even though only the first binomial term may constitute the slang) and is either random, as in minces, from â€Å"mince pies,† for eyes, or suggestive, as in trouble, from â€Å"trouble and strife,† for wife. 9. Binomials that contain exact or near repetition include â€Å"dog eat dog,† â€Å"kill or be killed,† or â€Å"neck and neck.† 10. Trinomials, which contain three terms, include â€Å"blood, sweat, and tears,† â€Å"left, right, and center,† and â€Å"win, lose, and draw.† Take care, when using these clichà ©s, to reproduce them correctly (unless you are deliberately and obviously distorting them for emphatic or humorous effect, as when referring to fashionably ripped jeans as â€Å"tear and wear†) so that erroneous usage does not have a negative impact on your overall message. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Inquire vs EnquireHomonyms, Homophones, Homographs and HeteronymsEmpathic or Empathetic?

Labor Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Labor Relations - Essay Example Otherwise, if they could not be regarded as such commodities within the free labor market, they (employees) could have been dismissed in a procedural manner where they are informed of their terms of dismissal and if they do not agree with same, they can take legal resolutions. There were numerous forms of exploitation of the Americans especially in line with value of independence and liberty in the fight of the freedom of the unions in the early 1900s. There was poor labor relation and laws, and the employees were under the grace of the employers. Some of the factors that led to these exploited included the wide labor market and the fact that employees in the blue collar jobs were slaves or Africans and this created a disparity in the labor market (Dewhirst and Rausch, 2007). The employees’ voices were irrelevant since the unions were never considered powerful by the then government that saw them as antigovernment movements. Therefore, since the government wanted to depress them, employers took the opportunity to maximize on their returns by offering low wedges and imposing cost control, flexibility, and quality on the products. Additionally, employers made employee to work for longer time without extra payments. There are different form of employment relationship bargains including mandatory, permissive, and illegal bargaining items. The illegal bargaining subjects are usually included in collective agreement and it is usually unenforceable. For instance, if a contract denote that employees are to work three times per week. This does not mean that these employees are to snort cocaine for the rest of the month. Notably, snorting cocaine is an illegal activity (Dewhirst and Rausch, 2007); thus, the company and union are never allowed to involve themselves in such bargains. The permissive bargaining subjects are bargains that

Epidemiologists Analyzing Disease Frequency Essay

Epidemiologists Analyzing Disease Frequency - Essay Example Measures: Attributable proportion among total population is the appropriate measure. In the present scenario, freshman students who gained weight in a period of one year are calculated from total freshman college students. Total number of college student is the denominator. Measures: The cumulative incidence is a measure of occurrence of new cases of the disease of interest in the population. It is the proportion of individuals who, on an average, will contract the disease of interest over a specified period of time. The estimated risk (R) is a proportion between the new cases and the persons at risk. The numerator is the number of newly affected persons (A), called cases by epidemiologist, and the denominator is the size (N) of the unaffected population. R= New cases (A)/Persons at risk (N) Prevalence indicates the number of existing case of the disease of interest within a population. Specifically, the point prevalence (P) refers to the proportion of a population that has the disease of interest at a particular time, for example, on a given day. This value is estimated by dividing the number of existing affected individuals or cases (C), by the number of persons in the population (N). Prevalence (P) = Cases(C) / Number of people (P) Measures: Relative risk (RR) is the ratio of the incidence of the disease or death among those exposed and the incidence among those who are not exposed. The term 'risk ratio' is also used to refer to relative risk. RR = incidence among exposed / incidence among unexposed. In this case, the incidence is 60/1000 among those exposed and 20/1000 among those who are unexposed. Therefore, the relative risk is 60/20 = 3. This indicates that risk of death among exposed group is 3 times than that of the unexposed group. The prevalence of a health condition is the existing number of cases of that condition in the population. State whether the factors listed below are likely to increase or decrease the prevalence of a

The Moral Issues Of The Animal Testing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Moral Issues Of The Animal Testing - Essay Example The debates stemming from animal rights are one of the major issues being discussed in medical symposiums and environmentalists. In my opinion, animal testing is not justified. Animal testing is not only morally wrong, but also the results of the experiments are not hundred percent accurate. It has been estimated that over 50 to 100 million vertebrate animals are used in experiments and trials; the figure of animals used in testing is even greater. The animals that have not been weaned and invertebrates are not included in the aforementioned figure. A major fraction of the animals that have been tested upon is killed. Although many of the researchers are being conducted on the safety of animals, it is not justified to use animals for the purpose of human safety. It is not off beam to know more about animals and to study them in more detail like there is nothing wrong in furthering our research about planetary bodies. However, it needs to be noted that the researchers being done on an imals can be misleading. It is with experience and researches conducted in the past that have made us realize that some drugs may fail to elicit the same response as they did in animals. It is such failed researchers that attest to the fact that animals are different from humans. Using rats for cancer research was one such example where torturing animals were the sake of human good was pointless (Pakistan Politics Journal). Scientists had resorted to rats as test subjects until 1993 when it was reported that the genetic makeup of the rats renders them vulnerable to cancer, and so research on them ca never yield accurate results. Cohen adheres to the view that animals are not like humans and this is why he believes that they can be used for animal testing (94). Right is fundamentally a claim that one individual asserts over the other. A right encompasses the elements such as who holds the right and to whom it is against.

Findlay University Education Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Findlay University Education - Research Paper Example The main reason as to why they choose this type of classes was because of time flexibility. More than 18 students agreed that online classes were very flexible, in regard to time management. The need to allocate time for family is another reason as to why these people chose online classes. 5 students who participated in this research gave it as their main motivating factor. Another interesting statistics whereby two students agreed that time for work is a factor in choosing to attend online classes. Another two students agreed that transportation costs were a motivator in choosing online classes. Figure four explains the factors that made students to choose blended classes. Time flexibility was also the main factor chosen by students. This reason was advanced by 19 students. Family time and need of interacting with an instructor were other motivating reasons, and each stood at 4 students each. By looking at this study, I can denote that the results support my hypotheses. It is clear that students would prefer to attend face to face classes, as opposed to other modes of learning. The figures contained in this study give reasons as to why this preference. The main motivating factor is interactions with the instructor, and classroom discussions. In my own opinion, students gave these reasons because they are eager to learn in class, and to them, the best method of understanding the various concepts in class is to interact with the instructors and their fellow students.... From these results, group work is the list motivating factor that made students to choose face to face mode of learning. Figure 3 on the other hand gives an explanation on the various motivating factors that affects students who choose to attend online classes. The main reason as to why they choose this type of classes was because of time flexibility. More than 18 students agreed that online classes were very flexible, in regard to time management. The need to allocate time for family is another reason as to why these people chose online classes. 5 students who participated in this research gave it as their main motivating factor. Another interesting statistics whereby two students agreed that time for work is a factor in choosing to attend online classes. Another two students agreed that transportation costs were a motivator in choosing online classes. Figure four explains the factors that made students to choose blended classes. Time flexibility was also the main factor chosen by s tudents. This reason was advanced by 19 students. Family time, and need of interacting with an instructor were other motivating reasons, and each stood at 4 students each. By looking at this study, I can denote that the results support my hypotheses. It is clear that students would prefer to attend face to face classes, as opposed to other modes of learning. The figures contained in this study give reasons as to why these preference. The main motivating factor is interactions with the instructor, and classroom discussions. In my own opinion, students gave these reasons because they are eager to learn in class, and to them, the best method of understanding the various concepts in class, is to interact with the instructors and their fellow students.

ESL II Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

ESL II - Essay Example On the other hand, some students would be happy to wait and listen to their teachers of the lesson delivered and then develop strong concepts in learning English. Some students are keen to learn the basics or grammar as the foundation of learning English while others would be try to put the words in place by listening to the language conversation. It is, therefore, important for the teachers to switch to right approaches by understanding the needs of the classroom. Traditional methods The traditional methods of teaching English as a foreign language talk about the approaches of teaching English in a way that has been followed over the years. Various educationalists and eminent personalities could be spotted who have learnt English in the traditional approach. The traditional methods have been described below. Grammar Translation The grammar translation approach is one of the oldest approaches that were carried out in earlier days for teaching Latin in the countries of Europe. This is an intellectual way of learning language which was later applied by the teachers in the lessons of English as a foreign language. The method concentrates more on the reading and writing of English language. The speaking and the listening skills are not really tested in this approach. The teacher provides the students with the grammatical exercises and the students are asked to solve the problems. The students are first questioned orally and followed by answering the exercises in writing which is the major part of grammar translation. The only communication in this method is between the student and the teacher where the teacher plays the authoritarian role. Example of grammar translation method includes explaining the grammatical rules and concepts with the help of presentation, written exercises to the students. Direct Method The direct method of teaching developed languages in the nineteenth century when the educationalists observed the child language learning trends and applied t he direct method of learning English as a foreign language for the learners. In this method, the translation of the foreign language is not required. The students are required to read aloud the specialized texts of grammar and vocabulary in English language. The emphasis is put on guided conversation of the students where the teachers play an important role in helping the students to understand the usage of various words in English. Examples of the direct method of learning English as a foreign language includes conduct of exercises using fill-in-the-blanks, dictation and demonstration to the students by the teachers. The students also required to undertake comprehension exercises directly in English in order to understand the foreign language through the direct method. Audio lingual The audio-lingual method of teaching English as a foreign language developed from the time of Second World War when the army personnel were trained to speak in different languages such as German, French , Japanese, etc. This method has been later applied for teaching English

How important is it that education is immediately and obviously Essay - 1

How important is it that education is immediately and obviously relevant to the interests of the pupils and to life in society - Essay Example Another education act was passed in 1944; it administered the creation of the Ministry of education, which in turn established compulsory and free secondary school education. The essay discusses how education is important and its relevance to the pupils and the society in the United Kingdom. The types of schools clearly show how education is important in the United Kingdom. Most of the most famous schools in the United Kingdom are the private boarding schools, for instance, the Winchester School. The famous private schools were founded in the middle ages and parents need to pay a lot of fees for their children to study in such schools (Arthur 2010, p. 82). Although, the schools are considered for the influential and rich families; they also offer scholarships for the gifted but poor children. Private schools that take children between the age of 7 and 13 are referred to as kindergartens. On the other hand, those that take children between the age of 11 and 19 are referred to as public schools. Research shows that only 7 per cent of the United Kingdom attends the private schools (O’Hear&Sidwell 2009, p. 34). The General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) is given at age 16. If the student qualifies, he or she proceeds to the Advanced level of education commonly referred to as the â€Å"A† levels. Some of the students can be advised to stay in school up to age 18 to prepare themselves for higher education. The United Kingdom has 90 universities which the students can enrol. They are divided into several categories. The common universities are the University of Cambridge and University of Oxford (Bubb 2009, p. 56). Apart from the universities, students can also enrol in advanced education. The advanced education mainly focuses on applied technology and sciences, and they are polytechnics (Wright 2010, p.78). The polytechnic focuses on people who may not have qualified to go to

Findlay University Education Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Findlay University Education - Research Paper Example The main reason as to why they choose this type of classes was because of time flexibility. More than 18 students agreed that online classes were very flexible, in regard to time management. The need to allocate time for family is another reason as to why these people chose online classes. 5 students who participated in this research gave it as their main motivating factor. Another interesting statistics whereby two students agreed that time for work is a factor in choosing to attend online classes. Another two students agreed that transportation costs were a motivator in choosing online classes. Figure four explains the factors that made students to choose blended classes. Time flexibility was also the main factor chosen by students. This reason was advanced by 19 students. Family time and need of interacting with an instructor were other motivating reasons, and each stood at 4 students each. By looking at this study, I can denote that the results support my hypotheses. It is clear that students would prefer to attend face to face classes, as opposed to other modes of learning. The figures contained in this study give reasons as to why this preference. The main motivating factor is interactions with the instructor, and classroom discussions. In my own opinion, students gave these reasons because they are eager to learn in class, and to them, the best method of understanding the various concepts in class is to interact with the instructors and their fellow students.... From these results, group work is the list motivating factor that made students to choose face to face mode of learning. Figure 3 on the other hand gives an explanation on the various motivating factors that affects students who choose to attend online classes. The main reason as to why they choose this type of classes was because of time flexibility. More than 18 students agreed that online classes were very flexible, in regard to time management. The need to allocate time for family is another reason as to why these people chose online classes. 5 students who participated in this research gave it as their main motivating factor. Another interesting statistics whereby two students agreed that time for work is a factor in choosing to attend online classes. Another two students agreed that transportation costs were a motivator in choosing online classes. Figure four explains the factors that made students to choose blended classes. Time flexibility was also the main factor chosen by s tudents. This reason was advanced by 19 students. Family time, and need of interacting with an instructor were other motivating reasons, and each stood at 4 students each. By looking at this study, I can denote that the results support my hypotheses. It is clear that students would prefer to attend face to face classes, as opposed to other modes of learning. The figures contained in this study give reasons as to why these preference. The main motivating factor is interactions with the instructor, and classroom discussions. In my own opinion, students gave these reasons because they are eager to learn in class, and to them, the best method of understanding the various concepts in class, is to interact with the instructors and their fellow students.

How important is it that education is immediately and obviously Essay - 1

How important is it that education is immediately and obviously relevant to the interests of the pupils and to life in society - Essay Example Another education act was passed in 1944; it administered the creation of the Ministry of education, which in turn established compulsory and free secondary school education. The essay discusses how education is important and its relevance to the pupils and the society in the United Kingdom. The types of schools clearly show how education is important in the United Kingdom. Most of the most famous schools in the United Kingdom are the private boarding schools, for instance, the Winchester School. The famous private schools were founded in the middle ages and parents need to pay a lot of fees for their children to study in such schools (Arthur 2010, p. 82). Although, the schools are considered for the influential and rich families; they also offer scholarships for the gifted but poor children. Private schools that take children between the age of 7 and 13 are referred to as kindergartens. On the other hand, those that take children between the age of 11 and 19 are referred to as public schools. Research shows that only 7 per cent of the United Kingdom attends the private schools (O’Hear&Sidwell 2009, p. 34). The General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) is given at age 16. If the student qualifies, he or she proceeds to the Advanced level of education commonly referred to as the â€Å"A† levels. Some of the students can be advised to stay in school up to age 18 to prepare themselves for higher education. The United Kingdom has 90 universities which the students can enrol. They are divided into several categories. The common universities are the University of Cambridge and University of Oxford (Bubb 2009, p. 56). Apart from the universities, students can also enrol in advanced education. The advanced education mainly focuses on applied technology and sciences, and they are polytechnics (Wright 2010, p.78). The polytechnic focuses on people who may not have qualified to go to

The rules if youre not religious. Discuss Essay Example for Free

The rules if youre not religious. Discuss Essay In this democratic age we vote in those people (or party) who we want to rule our country and in turn create our laws. However this is a very old system, which some could argue takes its basis from the 10 Commandments from the Old Testament. If this is the case, in a growing atheistic state, why should you follow the rules if you are not religious, for which the 10 Commandments were designed for? In London, it is illegal to flag down a taxi if you have the plague. This law has an obvious provenance; during the Black Death, in order to prevent the spread of the disease. However nowadays, this previously appropriate law is out of date and obsolete. How can something created thousands of years ago still be relevant to modern life? A more secular set of laws would be more appropriate and representative to govern the people. The 10 Commandments are very inflexible; they don’t take into account the situation and are inexorable. For instance, there are some cases when you should lie i. e. for the greater good. However in this narrow and oppressive set of laws, this is never allowed, which is against our autonomy. The 10 Commandments do not mention any form of punishment, for religious people they wouldn’t need any deterrence, just the idea of serving God and going to Heaven. So in effect, the actual punishment for each of these crimes has been created by man, and therefore a crime which God thought was insignificant, could hold a serious punishment. There is also the need for a system to decide and enforce this system. This set of laws is designed for those who are religious, but with people who hold different views, they are going to disagree with them. You also need lots of laws to avoid loop-holes as these laws are very general. However, in spite of a large proportion of people are not religious, they will still hold similar ideals to those who are; good and bad, right and wrong. The Ten Commandments are a universal set of rules which show indisputable and clear criteria for right and wrong. Aside from laws, they cover morality as well: â€Å"Honour your father and your mother† and â€Å"You shall not covet you neighbour’s hut†. These views should be inherent in everybody as they lead to a good upbringing and moral understanding. We need rules as it is unrealistic to expect people to do the right thing. For example, to try and prevent speeding, speed cameras were introduced. But now people speed as they used to, but slow down just to pass the camera. Our system of laws has changed and diversified over many years. This means that even if these original Commandments were used to base new laws on, they will have changed and been tweaked over the years. Also any inherently good person (even if they’re not religious) would want to have religious ideals as they lead to a good and fulfilling life. In conclusion, it is necessary to follow the rules even if you’re not religious, for nowadays they are not as heavily based on religion, but still hold good, moral and relevant views.

The Role That Corporate Advertising Plays In Marketing

The Role That Corporate Advertising Plays In Marketing In recent years, a number of internal and external forces have urged companies to pay increased attention to the role that corporate advertising plays in marketing communications strategy. Despite this increased importance, a comprehensive view of current corporate advertising practices does not exist. In spite of the increased importance given to the role of corporate advertising, little has been done to provide management with an integrative view of the current corporate advertising practices. The objective of this study is three fold: 1) to find out key issues related with corporate advertising 2) importance of the usage of corporate advertising in an organization in the context of Singer 3) Critical review of the core message to be used for Singer and mixed media approach to perform corporate advertising. What Is Corporate Advertising? However, with the advent of modern corporations with multiple product and/or service offerings, a different type of advertising has appeared, the primary purpose being to promote the corporation. Corporate, institutional, or corporate image advertising has been defined with some very basic consistency since the 1950s but has broadened to include advocacy and issue advertising (Ewing 1982; Heath and Douglas 1986; Heath and Nelson 1985) and the current hybrid ads (Winkleman 1985), which blend product and company promotion. Corporate advertising may also influence consumers knowledge about products marketed by the corporation (Hartigan and Finch 1986;Winkleman 1985). Main Types of corporate advertising can be categorised as follows: Advocacy advertising Image or Institutional advertising Recruitment advertising Key Issues in Corporate Advertising There are many functions that corporate advertising can perform and most of the companies spend millions of money. Technically majority of companies dont know how to do advertising since they are being getting low results from corporate advertising. Some practices remain far behind their potential since marketing and advertising are used incorrectly. Extremely Expensive to Do a Better Job In the present situation carrying out a successful corporate advertising campaign can be very costly because it has many inbuilt components such as production, designing, etc. It is an additional large investment for the company which will not give proper results as the organization expects. e.g.- In the 2007 ICC Cricket World Cup, most of the Indian companies, many corporate pitched on the expected success of the Indian cricket team which involved extremely expensive endorsements, production costs and fowrad bookings in channels and match broadcasts. Indias early elimination at the quarter final stage, rendered many of the adverts unbroadcastable due to the anger that was built up against the team. On the otherhand, these monies, if channelled to consumer and trade promotions, would have had a far higher level impact on generation of sales. Credibility Large reach enable the organization to reap the benefits of corporate advertising. As an example a TV add might not reach the target segment since currently people avoid advertisements and they dont pay attention towards ads. Only one out of five consumers has a positive attitude towards advertising (InfoTrends, 2010). Also if the product distribution system is not in line with the advertisement (e.g, products are not available in those areas) itll be a huge cash outlay for the organization. This process must be statistical and focused if a company wants to become successful in corporate advertising. This can happen due to the following reasons: Organizations havent looked at their advertisements from consumers point of view and didnt share their unique selling proposition. Lack of consideration when selecting media which means organizations assume what consumer read, watch, or listen to is what their prospects enjoy as well. Opportunity cost is high when compared to other mediums such as social media and personnel selling which have large reach and better targeting abilities. Contrary to mass scale advertising, social meadia llows people to choose the adverts that are of interest to them and view / explore if it is of interest to them. This also drives search for more information and sharing with others, even if no action in terms of purchase is generated. Social media has been growing at a fast pace and it cannot be ignored by organizations. With Web 2.0 individuals get the opportunity to interact with each other about their personal experiences, buying preferences etc. The organization can convey the message to many target groups using social media at a lower cost and in a widely expanded way and this medium is very useful and easy to measure their advertising efficiency. Figure 1: Social Networking Growth by Worldwide Region Source: www.compete.com, 2009 Difficult to Measure the Efficiency Corporate advertising is a pull medium where organization cannot always expect it to translate into sales. Because cost per contact has been an issue for many organizations because the amount they spent hasnt effectively resulted in sales. There is difficulty in ascertain where the adverts pulled in customers vs those who would be attracted by the brand it self. Uncertainty of the Situation Corporate advertising will either be helpful to increase the corporate reputation or be misunderstood by the consumer which will lead to damage their image. This can happen due to miss interpretation by consumers about the company such as ethical issues. In such situations company has to bear a huge cost due to add withdrawal. Not Exciting, Not Addressing the Consumer Most ads are made on a one size fits all thus turning some viewers off. Corporate advertising can be very creative and give a nice, warm feeling but sometime it will make little or no effort to address the readers needs. Sometimes it will build the reputation but not result in purchasing. Organizations should stamp and convey their current or desired position in advertisements without stating the obvious. Importance of Corporate Advertising for Organizations and Singer According to research carried out it is evident that most of the companies havent identified the core essence of corporate advertising because they are entrapped with product advertising. Corporate advertising should brand a company the way that product advertising brands a product. Benefits of Corporate Advertising in General Corporate advertising is more efficient in building recall for a company name than product advertising and creation of a good citizen image through consistent dedicated effort. Frequent corporate advertisers rated better on virtually all attitude measures than those with low corporate ad budgets Reducing the Perceived Risk, Prompt Buying: From the past most of the reputed companies branded themselves due to usage of very strong advertisement slogans. Those slogans have been designed to influence consumer habits. These types of corporate advertisements are powerful than the visual product presentations as consumers are more likely to recollect the popular brand messages due to constant media exposure. e.g., In Britain, Glaxo Wellcome filled television screens in 1996 with the slogan, Man has no greater enemy than disease has no greater enemy than Glaxo Wellcome. (The Economist, 1998) Get Rid of Negative Perceptions: If a company is unpopular with or misunderstood by opinion-formers to an extent that it harms its business, that can be diminished through proper usage of corporate advertising. Articulate the Strength/Power of the Company A good proportion of spending on advertising may also signal to potential customers and competitors that a company is rich and important. e.g., Honeywell, another American giant, has borrowed GEs theme and is about to launch a more modest $4.5m campaign, showing how its mundane range of thermostats and controls touch peoples lives. (The Economist, 1998) Ability to Generate Corporate Contacts Corporate advertising will help to acquire more business consumer due to the popularity and reputation of the company. Business customers are more likely to be wooed by price, product range and personal relationships. Increase the Trustworthiness Corporate advertising, says its target audience is much broader than for normal consumer goods advertising. It is aimed at three specific constituencies: business customers; opinion-formers (investors, politicians, activists, media) who can influence share prices or strategy, and employees. Cherish subsidiaries and Enter New Markets Not only to enhance the parent company image, corporate advertising can be used to permit or encourage subsidiaries. Particularly where they are engaged in manufacturing operations-to identify themselves to their own customers, prospects and other important, local publics. Also this will enable the company to enter into new business/markets under the same name. Umbrella Covering By performing corporate advertising it covers all the products and services associated with the company and its strategy which always aligns with the mission and vision. e.g., General Electric spends 40% of its $100m advertising budget on this kind of corporate advertising. Its we bring good things to life campaign has been running for almost 20 years. (The Economist, 1998) Enhance the Goodwill: Corporate ads can be used to express their philanthropic, CSR and community idea which will be capable of improving their goodwill. e.g., New York Toyota launched a new corporate advertising campaign, highlighting the companys economic impact, environmental commitment, and social responsibility. Built around the question Why Not?, the campaign will include print and online ads, as well as a new television commercial directed by an Academy-award winning cinematographer. (The Economist, 1998) Exert a pull for New Hires Boost both employee management relation employee morale enabling all members of the internal public to discover a new vitality. Perhaps the best reason for corporate advertising is to reach employees. It can be a good way to attract bright new recruits. Essential Benefits of Corporate Advertising for Singer As explained above Singer will be able to obtain many more advantages by perusing corporate advertising in a meaningful way. One of the most important things that Singer needs to remember is that they need to follow the best practises if they want to improve corporate reputation through corporate advertising. Following are the key benefits they can achieve through corporate advertising-: Go after Singers target audience: Since Singers product advertising couldnt reach their target segments, corporate advertising can be the most effective way to convey the organization purpose of existence and values which will help to grab the attention of Singers potential customers. Highlight Singers competitive advantage: One of the keys to all corporate advertising is to emphasize the strengths of the company, those factors that give Singer to gain a competitive edge. Too many ads might be witty but fail to sell the benefits of the corporation unlike product advertising. Establish an image: As explained in the previous chapters Singer lacks the corporate reputation due to quality concerns and negative perception. But performing good corporate advertising with measure objectives will open a way to increase customer image, awareness and trust. Suggest you expand this area a bit more. Critical Review of Singers Tagline and Media Approach Singer has conducted few corporate advertising but, has spent millions for that purpose with product advertising. Singer sells their own consumer electronic products and global brands like JVC, Phillips, Panasonic, and Samsung etc. Since they are doing many businesses, corporate advertising is the best option available for advertising. As explained in the previous section about personality, Singer has been aiming higher end customers since they have less belief in the Singer products quality. Inconsistent slogans and lack of intelligent advertising has led to this situation which has in turn caused poor performance in some of the product ranges. If a powerful tagline can address a key issue, that would boost their reputation and image. (e.g, Adidas introduced its mainstream marketing slogan Impossible is nothing in the year 2004 with the intention to capture the essence of the Adidas brand.). In order to become successful in the future, Singer needs to deliver a simple, catchy core message in a consistent way using corporate advertising. The proposed tagline for corporate advertising is as follows Trusted Excellence Singer has been using this as a slogan but not for corporate advertising or product advertising. Since the tagline is very strong changing the context of the usage will add more value to the organization. Which means the way they have used should be changed. This tagline is very simple and most importantly it reminds the history of Singers long journey of 135 years. This core message communicates the benefits of customers who create intrigue, interest and attention and therefore it will be able to persuade consumers. This tagline shows the consumers can trust the company since they have been in the industry for such a long-time with consistent quality products and to draw their attention on a specific product which results in buying. Higher social class people who had negative ideas about Singer products will be persuaded by this message. Being a cost leader has harmed the Singer corporate image but proper usage of this message will help them to overcome it. With this tagline people will start to associate the communicated characteristics in the slogan with the products such as quality and olden gait. It will be highly successful in rejuvenating Singers image in the public and will also earn numerous awards. Singer as a whole will become a cult and can be the re-emergence of the company as an important player in the electronic appliances industry in decades to come. Recommended Mixed Media Approach for Singer Corporate Advertising is no longer simply about visual appeal. Particularly in this web 2.0 has become a vital ingredient of an organizations branding strategy, developing the right media mix holds the key to building powerful brand equity. Traditional Media TV, News paper, and Radio advertisements can be used in a corporate advertising campaign at a high level where they can express their idea in a more epic way but the cost might be really high. TV advertisements are one of the easiest ways to communicate the message more emotionally and visually. TV advertisements can be expensive but it can bring out the message what Singer wants to convey visually which will be evaluated below. Radio advertisements could also be done to spread the message to the mass population in a cheaper way. According to InfoTrend researches print medium ads are significantly doing better than other mediums. Figure 2: Global Ratings of Different Advertising Media Source: InfoTrends, 2010 Advertising through newspapers and magazines can be a very cheap option and it also can target the rural population as well as the high class people. Social Media Online Advertising Singers corporate advertisements should be posted on sites such as Cricinfo, Wow and social networking sites such as Face book, Linkedin, Online newspapers, Hit add online magazines etc. as these are the most visited sites by an individual in Sri Lanka. Source: www.compete.com, 2009 Source: www. Alexa.com, 2009 Figure 3: Top 10 Social Networks Figure 4: Top Sites in Sri Lanka Use of social and internet media is very emerging which has been discussed above. The progress and the efficiency of their advertising can be monitored very easily (e.g., daily hit rate on the website). The segments which cannot be reached by the traditional ways can be targeted. Outdoor Advertising Singer competitors have been very active in these areas where Sony, Panasonic, Samsung are being doing many outdoor advertising campaigns. To increase the corporate reputation and build the brand equity this strong tagline can be communicated very broadly using this medium. Singer has to spend money carefully even if those mediums are cheap such as hoardings, road shows, participations in business fairs, exhibitions, etc. Strategic Films and Corporate Video Production This is been a latest and more important process in corporate advertising. Usually these kinds of media approach cannot be seen in product advertising. This has become necessary elements of road shows, exhibitions and other promotional campaigns and also corporate video production is a very important tool for branding an organizations corporate identity. E-Mail Campaigns E-mails can be used to spread their corporate advertising core message to consumers easily and cheaply. The graphically designed corporate advertisement can be placed on an e-mail and it can be sent to various people which might prompt an interest within the viewer of the e-mail. Significant growth in email and internet would enable to convey the message to a broad geographical crowd. Source: TRC (www.trc.gov.lk), 2009 Figure 5: Email internet growth (1995-2009 December) How they Deliver the Message Using the Recommended Media Mix The key issue here would be the upliftment of the image of singer SL in to that of a brand that sells quality electrponics vs cheap, meant fr lower income segments. The campoaign should address High quality, modernity and technology advancement affordable to all (not cheap) Thus the folliwng message is proposed to be carried out in key media. A well known super star like Lasith Malinga (Famous Cricketer) who has a good charisma within the country can be used to promote their corporate brand where people will start believing him and change their perceptions and result in buying products. For this purpose Singer can run a TV advertisement that features Malinga who is looking to his parents to get an advice to purchase a LED 3D TV, where his father reminds of the Old Singer TV at home, which is still working well. This advert if placed well, will drive that Singer products are not inferior in quality and they are highly trustable on performance with latest technology (Innovativeness). Social media such as Facebook and Youtube should be used and advertisement videos should be uploaded where people will be able to watch and give their feedback instantly. Also Singer can publish the reviews of popular people who are using Singer products in those websites with eye-catching images. Financial and Political Constraints of Recommendations In this section the only highly possible political (organization) and financial barrier which obstruct the successful implementation of corporate advertising would be discussed: Singer has not conducted much of corporate advertising which is a new concept for them. Processing developments will require change in terms of learning regarding corporate advertising. Due to proposed web 2.0 involvements the technological skills of the employees need to be improved to get the potential of the emerge of social media. Training and development should be provided to the employees for improving their creative and innovative thinking skills which will be helpful to corporate advertising. Singer carries out product advertising and conducting corporate advertising would demand more expenses which can be an additional expense. Physical resources such as vehicles might be needed additionally to carryout corporate advertising. Hiring a celebrity for advertising is an expensive affair since the person maybe well known and hence higher charges are applicable. There would be extra expenses inspite of product advertising been conducted in parallel.

An Analysis of the Los Angeles County Hospital Emergency Room Essay

An Analysis of the Los Angeles County Hospital Emergency Room Learning Team Operations Management Plan The problem of emergency department overcrowding has become an important issue for many emergency departments throughout the city and county of Los Angeles. Patients frequently have to wait hours just to get into the emergency department to be seen by a physician or other healthcare professionals. The problem does not seem to be getting better as times goes on, but indeed studies seem to indicate that the condition is growing worse. At a local Los Angeles County Hospital (King Drew Medical Center) emergency department, we found that the problem is especially severe. Patients are forced to wait as long as 8-12 hours to be seen and treated by physicians. This paper will propose a plan that will help to alleviate this critical problem of emergency department overcrowding and long patients waits for services. Problem Statement There is a nationwide shortage of emergency room space and an increased demand for emergency services. Public health officials, hospital executives, and doctors are increasingly concerned about emergency department ''boarding," because of the potential impact on both patient safety and staff burnout (Kowalczyk, 2005). Our paper will attempt to solve the problem of emergency department overcrowding and long waiting times. We propose to first create a flow chart of present operations from the beginning of the emergency department visit to the discharge or admission of the patient. We believe that the process can be analyzed and changed in a way that improvement can be accomplished by improving efficiency and flow of traffic through the emergency department processes. Null Hypothesis Our study attempts to identify a serious problem at a local Los Angeles County Hospital that appears to have plausible solutions. Looking at other similar hospitals throughout the nation and abroad, it appears that restructuring and appropriate panning may help to alleviate long patients’ waits for services. The null hypothesis states that changes in the processes of triage, registration, evaluation, treatment and disposition will shorten waiting times and improve efficiency (mu= changes in process). The alternative hypothesis states that changing in the process of triage, registration, evaluation, treatment and disposition will not change or improve waiti... ...y will be made and expenses reduced by a more efficient process. References Campbell, A.B. (2003). Strategic planning in health care: Methods and application. Quality Management in Health Care, 1(4), 12-23. Kowalczyk, L.(2005). Hospitals strive to reduce waiting lines for beds. Retrieved April 26, 2005 from the world wide world: http:// www.boston.com/news/education/higher/articles/hospitals ================================================================= Kelton, W. D., R. P. Sadowski, D. A. Sadowski, 2002. Simulation with Arena, Second Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations. Quality in Healthcare. Retrieved April 26, 2005 from the world wide world: http://www.jcaho.org/qualitycheck/ Los Angeles County Hospital (King Drew Medical Center Emergency Room, 2005). Measures to reduce length of stay in the emergency room. LA: Author. Affinity Data Collection Systems. Retrieved April 26, 2005 from the world wide world: www.affinitydata.com. Wilson, A. (2004). Reduction of ED Queues and Elopement Through the Straight Back Approach. .Retrieved April 26, 2005 from the world wide world: http://tgi@thomasgroup.com/

The Underdogs by Mariano Azuela Essay -- Book Reviews Mexican Revoluti

Author Mariano Azuela's novel of the Mexican revolution, The Underdogs, conveys a fictional representation of the revolution and the effects it had on the Mexican men and women who lived during that time. The revolutionary rebels were composed of different men grouped together to form small militias against the Federalists, in turn sending them on journeys to various towns, for long periods of time. Intense fighting claimed the lives of many, leaving women and children behind to fend for themselves. Towns were devastated forcing their entire populations to seek refuge elsewhere. The revolution destroyed families across Mexico, leaving mothers grieving for their abducted daughters, wives for their absent husbands, and soldiers for their murdered friends. The novel's accurate depiction also establishes some of the reasons why many joined the revolution, revealing that often, those who joined were escaping their lives to fight for an unknown cause. The Underdogs' protagonist, Demetrio Macias, joins the fight against the Federalists after his house is burned and his dog is shot, as a result of a quarrel he had with Don Monico, the boss of his town, Moyahua (48). Macias "spit on his beard because he wouldn't mind his own business...Then just because [he] did that [Don Monico] had the whole...Federal Government against [him]" (Azuela 50). Many rebels, like Macias, joined the revolution in search for a better life, free from persecution by local caciques. The rebels were unhappy with the way government officials treated the poor, by stealing their pigs, chicken and corn, burning their homes and carrying off with their women (Azuela 17). Others were running away from the law, for crimes they had committed. In The Underdogs, one of Ma... ...a significant event for the men and women of Mexico, comprising a large portion of their lives. Many joined the fight in search for a better life, others wanted revenge, and some were running from the law. Together they formed disorganized and unfocused militias where many lost their lives. During the revolution hundreds were forced to leave their homes and belongings in search for a safer place. Families were torn and separated for years at a time, and women were left to support their houses and children. Eventually, the rebels begun to act like the Federalists, by looting, drinking, and at times killing their own men over money related brawls. The men became accustomed to the violent lifestyle, and although they did not know why, they continued to fight without an end in sight. Works Cited Azuela, Mariano. The Underdogs. Trans. E. Munguia, Jr. New York: 1996.

Balanced Budget Amendment

As we discussed and read about this week in our class, the topic of the US Budget and how, why and what should we do about it has become a topic with many views and opinions. The United States of America currently holds over 16 Trillion dollars in debt based on our governments spending practices for the last ten years. Two wars, numerous fiscal collapses and cliffs, a bubble popped housing market, looming medical care costs from a socialized healthcare law and a recession have caused the government to acquire enormous amounts of debt.This debt with caused by what seems to be from irresponsible spending on both the Legislative and the Executive Branches have done nothing to lessen this deficit. One idea that has been discussed not only in Congress, but on prime time news networks is the passage of a Balanced Budget Amendment. A Balance Budget Amendment (as recently seen in House Bill HJR2, 28 NOV 2011) would require that Congress balance its budget every fiscal year unless a three-fif ths majority of both houses approved of maintaining a deficit[1].In a CNN Poll, conducted by ORC International, 74% of Americans surveyed would be in favor of a constitutional amendment to require a Balanced federal budget. So, why did it miss passing by the House of Representatives 23 votes short of the two-thirds majority needed? In the graph we see that federal debt will remain above 73 percent of GDP, far higher than the the 39 percent seen over the last four decades as stated by the Congressional Budget Office. This level is of debt is unsustainable to the our economy and a Balanced Budget Amendment may be the answer to get wasteful spending under control and reduce out national debt.There is a lot of debate for a Balanced Budget Amendment in the United States. The trade-off between â€Å"discipline† and â€Å"flexibility† is at the core of the debate surrounding the establishment of a Balanced Budget Amendment[2]. Those who oppose a Balanced Budget Amendment argu e that it may limit the scope and power of the Government to fully discharge its duties. Under this version of the amendment , three-fifths of congress would have to vote suspend requirements, the government would have to cut expenditures or raise taxes during a recession.This in theory would make the recession worse and limit the ability of the government to use fiscal policy to stabilize the economy. Also, Congress could simply devise special budgets to get around the requirements. An example would be to take some programs â€Å"off budget†, which means that they would not be counted towards the total amount of expenditures by the government and not counting them as part of the Official Budget. However these expenditures would have to get funded from somewhere.Third, Congress could issue regulations or impose mandates or requirements on businesses or other government regulations as non-budgetary ways to get programs funded and these actions could have serious ramifications on the taxpayers and economy. Those in favor of the Balanced Budget Amendment say that if we look at the States within the US who have Balanced Budget laws (all but Vermont have some form of budgetary regulation) there are excellent examples we can use in drafting an amendment which could work for this country.Marina Azzimonti, writes in her article, â€Å"The Political Economy of Balanced Budget Amendments†[3] several very good theoretical findings supporting ways that Congress can use the lessons of the States in drafting a Balanced Budget Amendment that introduces a rule that restricts deficit spending and limits increases in government debt. Her first point is that stricter budgetary rules induce policymakers with discipline regarding how money is spent. Reducing these expenditures it is argued supports positive economic growth by lowering interests rates , higher savings rates, and hence more consumer confidence and economic growth.Also the inclusion of an â€Å"Escape Clause† proposes that a bill to increase revenue or public borrowing may become law if two-thirds of the members of each house approve it. Thus allowing the government to be able to meet certain â€Å"emergencies† to include war, national crisis, or natural disaster. Proponents of these amendments also that running deficits over the long term or persistent deficits can be dangerous as well. When the government runs persistent deficits , a increasing portion of consumer's savings is used to purchase government debt instead of being invested in private capital goods .This is called â€Å"crowding out†, and this effect lower output and incomes in the future. Growing Federal Debt can lead to a sudden fiscal crisis in and of itself. This type of crises can occur when debt levels become so large in relation to the economy's output that the government has difficulty selling it. Current and potential bondholders lose confidence with the governments ability to repay its d ebt and refuse to buy anymore. The government is then forced purchase new debt at higher interest rates, often leading to inflation, reduction in government services and rograms and increased economic hardship on its citizens. There are several good examples of this type of debt crisis in Argentina, Mexico and Greece. The US saw a version of this in 2011, when S&P concerned with the US climbing debt and its credit worthiness reduced its credit rating or the ability of the country to borrow money at lower interests rates. A federal Balanced Budget amendment based loosely on those instituted by the States of this country has many benefits. One such advantage is that a Balanced Budget Amendment can reduce inefficiencies in spending.Azzimonti argues in a theoretical environment model, Politicians tend to be short-sighted since they have no guarantee of being being reelected next time around. This short-sightedness often leads them to increase spending to their constituencies now through excessive deficit spending and accumulate too much debt. These deficits are are less politically costly than raising taxes, which often is a good way for a politician to get voted out in their next election. However, with fiscal restrictions in place politicians are forced to take long view and be fiscally responsible.This leads into the next positive of a Balanced Budget Amendment, and that is reducing future financial burden on taxpayers. When the government releases bonds to be purchased, it agrees to repay its holders in the future for spending today. Those repayment burdens are placed on future taxpayers who may not have received the benefits of current spending. This future tax burden also can hamper long term interests rates today, which can hamper economic activity in the short term.Despite arguments both for and against enacting a Balanced Budget Amendment, Congress needs to come to a solution regarding its fiscal policy. The Federal reserve Bank can not continue to print money to stimulate the economy, and the government can not keep spending money wastefully and hope for our economy to get better. The American People deserve a government that is responsible with its wallet and looks out for all Americans in making the economy stringer and reducing the national debt for future generations.When properly explored and drafted, and if Politicians can agree, transcend party lines and focus on getting spending and debt under control a Balanced Budget Amendment could work to makes the United States financially stronger and more prosperous than ever before. Resources O'Sullivan, Sheffrin and Perez Economics: Principles, Applications and Tools 7th Ed 2012 Azzimonti, Marina. â€Å"The Political Economy of Balanced Budget Amendments. † Business Review Q1 2013 Eddlem, Thomas R. â€Å"Before the Income Tax: How the Federal Budget Government Balanced the Budget Before 1913. The New American February 2013 McCullouch, J. Huston. â€Å" An Improved Balanced Budget Amendment. † The Independent Review Fall 2012 ——————————— [ 1 ]. McCulloch, J. Huston. An Improved Balance Budget Amendment (Art). Independent Review, Fall 2012 [ 2 ]. Azzimonti, Marina. The Political Economy of Balanced Budget Amendments (Art). Business Review, Q1 2013 [ 3 ]. Azzimonti, Marina. The Political Economy of Balanced Budget Amendments (Art). Business Review, Q1 2013